Soğuk Savaş Sırasında Sovyetler Birliği’nde Resmi ve Gayriresmi İslam

Sovyet rejimi kuruluşundan beri medrese, cami ve dergâh gibi kurumları yok ederek ve İslam alimlerine ve imamlara karşı tedbirler alarak Müslümanları baskılamıştı. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla, Stalin asker toplamak ve Nazilere karşı savaşı meşru kılmak amacıyla Müslüman ulemanın desteğine ihtiyaç duydu. Diğer dini otoriterler birlikte Müslüman ulema Sovyetleri devlet tarafından tanınma karşılığında desteklediler. Bunun sonucunda akredite bir Müslüman alim grubu oluştu ve takip eden on yıllarda da etkinliğini sürdürdü. Bu akredite oluşum devlet tarafından kurumsallaştırılarak Sovyet rejimini tehdit etmeyen bir İslam formu ve Müslüman topluluğu oluşturulmak amaçlandı. Bu süreç sonucunda ortaya çıkan kurumlar her ne kadar birçok fonksiyon icra etseler de Müslümanların dini ihtiyaçlarını giderme konusunda yetersiz kaldılar. Sovyet Müslümanları, dini geleneklerini ve hayat tarzlarını korumak ve yaşatmak amacıyla yasaklı Sufi dergahlarına ve tarikatlara katılmayı sürdürdü. Bu durum Sovyetler Birliği’nde kurumsal ve kurumsallaşmamış İslami kurumlar ve devlet otoriteleri arasında sıkışmış bir İslami yaşamı beraberinde getirdi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sovyetler Birliği’nde İslam, Müslüman azınlıklar, İslam, Din-Devlet İlişkileri, Komünizm

Official and Unofficial Islam in Soviet Union During the Cold War

From its foundation, the Soviet regime had oppressed the Muslims through eradicating Muslim institutions such as mosques, madrassahs and shrines and taking measures against Muslim scholars and imams. When World War II began, the Stalin needed the support of Muslim ulama to legitimize the war effort against Nazis and mobilize Muslim soldiers. Muslim ulama, along with the authorities of other religions, supported the Soviet war efforts in exchange for the recognition of the state. As a result of this arrangement, an accredited body of Muslim scholars emerged during the war and remained effective in the upcoming decades. This accredited body was institutionalized and utilized by the state to sustain a form of Islam and Muslim population that do not threaten the regime. While these Muftiates served multiple functions, they were far away from fulfilling the needs of the Muslim population. The Soviet Muslims continued to join Sufi shrines and tariqahs in an attempt to preserve their religious customs and lifestyle. This situation brought about an Islamic life squeezed in between official and unofficial institutions and state authorities.

Keywords:

Islam in the Soviet Union, Muslim Minorities, Islam, Religion-State Relations, Communism,

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