SummaryThe evolution of knowledge on pediatrics has been reviewed in 6 headings namely 1 Early civilizations such as Mesopotamia ancient India China Egypt Israelits Early Greek and Rome; 2 Middle age: from early Islam China and Renaissance to the 18th century; 3 The founding of Children Hospitals such as in Milan 787 Siena 832 Padua 1000 Montpellier 1070 to Necker 1788 Vienna 1826 Paris 1828 Munich 1846 Great Ormond Street 1852 Philadelphia 1855 Basel 1862 Berlin 1887 Istanbul 1899 ; 4 Scientific and technologic development in the 19th and 20th century and their contributions to the field of pediatrics such as microscopes bacteriology parasitology cellular and humoral immunity anaphylaxis and allergy X rays bronchoscopy laryngoscopy pleyography bronchography pneumo encephalography electroencephalography arteriography tomography electrocardiography heart catheterization and angiocardiography echocardiography and cardiac surgery nuclear medicine transplantation and espicially the development of antibiotics and their role in the defeat of infectious diseases were mentioned; 5 Development of pediatric surgery; 6 Development of pediatric in Turkey has been briefly reviewed

The evolution of knowledge on pediatrics has been reviewed in 6 headings namely 1 Early civilizations such as Mesopotamia ancient India China Egypt Israelits Early Greek and Rome; 2 Middle age: from early Islam China and Renaissance to the 18th century; 3 The founding of Children Hospitals such as in Milan 787 Siena 832 Padua 1000 Montpellier 1070 to Necker 1788 Vienna 1826 Paris 1828 Munich 1846 Great Ormond Street 1852 Philadelphia 1855 Basel 1862 Berlin 1887 Istanbul 1899 ; 4 Scientific and technologic development in the 19th and 20th century and their contributions to the field of pediatrics such as microscopes bacteriology parasitology cellular and humoral immunity anaphylaxis and allergy X rays bronchoscopy laryngoscopy pleyography bronchography pneumo encephalography electroencephalography arteriography tomography electrocardiography heart catheterization and angiocardiography echocardiography and cardiac surgery nuclear medicine transplantation and espicially the development of antibiotics and their role in the defeat of infectious diseases were mentioned; 5 Development of pediatric surgery; 6 Development of pediatric in Turkey has been briefly reviewed