Sağlık alanındaki biyoteknolojik ürünlerin üretimi için mantarların kullanımı

Biyoteknoloji, ekonomik değeri yüksek ürünlerin biyolojik materyaller kullanılarak üretilmesini amaçlayan disiplinler arası bir bilim dalıdır. Mantarlar; enzimlerin, vitaminlerin, polisakaritlerin, polihidrik alkollerin, pigmentlerin, lipidlerin ve glikolipidlerin üretimi gibi birçok endüstriyel işlemde kaynak olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu ürünler ticari üretimleriyle sağlanan ekonomik değerlerinin yanı sıra biyoteknolojik çalışmalar açısından da potansiyel olarak değerlidir. İlk biyoteknolojik ürünler arasında maya ve mantarların kullanımı ile üretilen şarap ve bira gibi alkollü içecekler ile ekmek ve peynir gibi temel besin maddeleri bulunmaktadır. Özellikle ilk antibiyotiğin keşfi ile mantarların sağlık biyoteknolojisinde ilaç ve benzeri maddelerin üretimi için kullanım olanakları araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Mantar sekonder metabolitleri sağlığımız ve beslenmemiz için son derece önem arz etmesinin yanı sıra bu ürünler önemli bir ekonomik etkiye sahiptir. Son yıllarda biyoteknolojik üretimlerde moleküler biyoloji ve genetik çalışmalarla geliştirilen tekniklerin kullanımı sonucu oluşturulan modifiye organizmalar kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Günümüzde mayaları ve konakçı olarak diğer mantarları içeren rekombinant DNA teknolojisi ile üretilen mikrobiyal enzimlere ve farmasötik ürünlere yönelik üretim ve pazarlama faaliyetlerinde belirgin bir artış meydana gelmiştir. Bugün, mantar biyolojisi küresel endüstride önemli bir yere sahiptir. Yeni keşfedilmiş türler üzerine genomik ve proteomik çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlık biyoteknolojisinde mantarların yerini ve kullanım alanlarını değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda maya ve mantarların sağlık biyoteknolojisinde özellikle farmasötik ürünlerin üretiminde yaygın olarak kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Mantar ve mayalar antitümör ve antimikrobiyal ilaç etken maddeleri, aşılar ve hormonlar gibi çeşitli farmasötik ürünlerin üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca rekombinant DNA teknolojileri kullanılarak geliştirilen yeni mantar ve maya türlerinin hem daha verimli hem de etkin bir şekilde kullanılabildiği belirlenmiştir. Bunlara ilaveten yeni izole edilen ve özellikleri tam olarak belirlenmemiş birçok maya ve mantar türlerinin varlığının bilinmesi, sağlık biyoteknolojisinde yeni ürünlerin üretimi açısından umut vadetmektedir.

The use of fungi for the production of biotechnological products in the field of health

Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that aims to produce products of high economic value using biological materials. Fungi are used as a source in many industrial processes such as the production of enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyhydric alcohols, pigments, lipids and glycolipids. These products are potentially valuable in terms of biotechnological studies as well as the economic value provided by their commercial production. The first biotechnological products include alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer also, basic nutrients such as bread and cheese produced by the use of yeast and fungi. Especially with the discovery of the first antibiotic, the possibilities of using fungi for the production of drugs and similar substances in health biotechnology have been started to be investigated. Fungal secondary metabolites are extremely important for our health and nutrition and also have a significant economic impact. In recent years, modified organisms have been used in biotechnological production as a result of the use of techniques developed by molecular biology and genetic studies. Today, there has been a significant increase in production and marketing activities for microbial enzymes and pharmaceutical products produced by recombinant DNA technology, including yeasts and other fungi as hosts. Today, fungal biology is an important participant in the global industry. Genomic and proteomic studies on newly discovered species are ongoing. The aim of this study is to examine the information in the literature about the use of fungi in health biotechnology. According to the results of this study, yeasts and fungi are widely used in health biotechnology, especially in the production of pharmaceutical products. Fungi and yeasts are used in the production of various pharmaceutical products such as antitumor and antimicrobial drug active substances, vaccines and hormones. In addition, it has been determined that new fungi and yeast species developed using recombinant DNA technologies can be used both more efficiently and effectively. In addition, the existence of newly isolated yeast and fungi species with many features not fully identified is promising for the production of new products in health biotechnology.

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