Aynur Gül KARAHAN, Gülden BAŞYİĞİT-KILIÇ, Hatice YILMAZ-YILDIRIM

Laktik asit bakterilerinde çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması

Uzun yıllar mikroorganizmaların sadece çoğalan, besin arayan kendi başlarına yaşayan hücreler oldukları düşünülmüştür. Ancak 50 yıl önce mikrobiyologlar tarafından bakterilerin birbirleri ve çevreleri ile iletişim kurduklarının anlaşılması ile mikroorganizmaların dünyasına bakış açısı değişmiştir. İletişimde kullanılan dil, sinyal moleküllerinden oluşmakta ve sinyal moleküllerine genel olarak otoindükleyici adı verilmektedir. Bakteriler üretilen sinyal moleküllerinin yoğunluğunu ölçebilmekte, bu sayede ortamdaki diğer mikroorganizmaların miktarını algılayabilmekte ve türe özgü davranışlar sergileyebilmektedirler. Yapılan çalışmalar; farklı mikroorganizmaların farklı çoğunluğu algılama (ÇA) moleküllerini kullandıklarını, hatta bazı mikroorganizmaların bir kaç çeşit sinyal molekülünü birden kullandığını ortaya koymuştur. LuxI/LuxR sistemi, oligopeptit sistemi ve hibrit sistem olmak üzere üç çeşit çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması tanımlanmıştır. Bu mekanizmalarda kullanılan sinyal molekülü ve bu molekülün algılanması birbirinden farklıdır. Çoğunluğu algılama ile ilgili ilk çalışmalar deniz suyunda yaşayan Vibrio fischeri ve Vibrio harveyi bakterileri üzerinde yapılmış ve sonraki aşamada patojen bakteriler üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Spor oluşturma, konjugasyan, biyolüminesans, biyofilm oluşturma, antibiyotik üretimi ve bakteriyosin üretimi gibi türe özgü pek çok davranış ÇA mekanizması ile kontrol edilmektedir. ÇA mekanizmasının anlaşılması, patojen mikroorganizmalarla etkili şekilde mücadele edilmesinde ve laktik asit bakterilerinin davranışlarının anlaşılmasında son derece önemlidir. Ancak laktik asit bakterilerinin ÇA mekanizmasının çok farklı sinyal moleküllerinin kullanılması ve algılamanın olaylar dizisi şeklinde gerçekleşmesi nedeniyle anlaşılması zordur. Bu derlemede, sağlık üzerine olumlu katkı sağlayan probiyotik özellikteki laktik asit bakterilerinin konakçısı ile uyumu, sindirim sistemindeki patojenlerin gelişimini ve koloni oluşturmasını engellemesi, bakteriyosin üretimi, asit koşullara ve safra tuzlarına dayanımı, epitel hücrelere tutunma gibi pek çok özelliğinin ÇA ile bağlantısı değerlendirilmiştir. Laktik asit bakterileri tarafından kullanılan ÇA mekanizmasının anlaşılması ile yeni dönem probiyotikler olarak tanımlanan metabiyotiklerin tasarlanmasında yarar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Quorum sensing mechanism in lactic acid bacteria

For a long time, microorganisms were considered as just multiplying, finding nutrients and living by themselves organisms. But that belief changed 50 years ago along with the discovery of bacteria communication with each other and environment by microbiologists. The language used in the communication consists of signal molecules and these molecules are generally called auto inducer . Bacteria are capable of measuring density of these molecules and by this way they are able to detect amount of the other organisms and can have specific behaviors. Studies prove that different types of bacteria use different quorum sensing molecules, and some species use several kinds of signal molecules together. There are three described quorum sensing mechanisms; LuxI/LuxR, oligopeptide and hybrid system. Among these systems, type of signal molecules and their perceptions are different from each other. The first quorum sensing studies are accomplished on Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi and then focused on pathogen microorganisms. Many specific behaviors such as spore forming, conjugation, bioluminescense, biofilm forming, antibiotic production and bacteriocin production are controlled by quorum sensing mechanisms. Understanding of QS mechanism is very important in the terms of effective struggling with pathogen microorganisms and understanding behavior of lactic acid bacteria. Because of lactic acid bacteria use different type of signal molecules and detection occurs as a consecution it is hard to understand their QS mechanism. In this review, connection between QS mechanism and some characteristics of lactic acid bacteria are evaluated such as concordance with its host, inhibition of pathogen development and colonization in gastrointestinal system, bacteriocin production, acid and bile resistance, adhesion to epithelium cells. Understanding QS mechanism of lactic acid bacteria will be useful to design metabiotics which is defined as novel probiotics.

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