Kenelerden korunmak amacıyla kullanılan repellent (kovucu) maddeler ve toksikolojik değerlendirilmesi

Keneler, insanlarda ve hayvanlarda son derece tehlikeli hastalıkların vektörüdür. Kenelerin,farklı iklim kuşağındaki çok geniş bir coğrafyada insan ve evcil hayvanlara taşıdıkları hastalıklararasında dokuz arbovirus, dört riketsiyal, iki bakteriyel, iki protozoer ve bir helmintik hastalıkbulunur. Ülkemizde bugüne kadar 26 kene türü tarif edilmiştir. Bu kene türleri özellikle çiftlikhayvanlarında önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açan tropikal theileriosis ile babesiosis, insanlardaise lyme ve Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi Hastalıklarını taşırlar. Kenelerle mücadele ülkemizde KırımKongo Kanamalı Ateşi (KKKA) Hastalığının ortaya çıkmasıyla daha da önem kazanmıştır. Ancak,kenelerle mücadele son derece zahmetli ve pahalı bir uygulamadır ve başarı şansı çoğunlukladüşüktür. Kene mücadelesinin temel amacı, hayvanlar üzerindeki kenelerin akarisidlerle kontrolü,insanlarda kene kaynaklı hastalıkların ortadan kaldırılması için farklı uygulamaların yapılmasıve insan ve evcil hayvanların kenelerle temas riskinin azaltılması prensibine dayanmaktadır.Repellent (kovucu), insan ve evcil hayvanların doğrudan derilerine, üzerlerinde bulunan giysilerineve bazı durumlarda perde ve ağlara uygulandıklarında sivrisinek, karasinek, kene gibi zararlılarınsaldırısını engelleyen veya onları kovan maddelere verilen genel isimdir. Repellent maddelergenellikle açık alanlarda rahatsızlık veren ve kan emen zararlılara karşı uygulanmaktadır. Bununlabirlikte, kapalı alanlarda (evlerde, iş yerlerinde, hayvan barınaklarında) özellikle sivrisineklerekarşı kullanılan ilaçlı cibinlikler, kangallar ile ısıyla buharlaşan sıvı ve matlar gibi formülasyonlarda bu kapsamda değerlendirilmektedir. Repellent özellikteki maddeler kenelerle mücadeledeson derece faydalı ürünlerdir. Ancak, bu tür ürünlerin tamamen zararsız olmadığı bilinmeli vezaman zaman insan ve evcil hayvanlarda toksik etkilere yol açabilecekleri unutulmamalıdır. Buderlemede insanlarda ve evcil hayvanlarda kenelerden korunmak amacıyla kullanılan repellentmaddelerin tanımı ve tarihçeleri, etki mekanizmaları ve ideal bir repellent maddenin taşımasıgereken özellikler, belli başlı repellent maddeler ve toksikolojik önemleri ile repellent özelliktekimaddelerin güvenli kullanım prensipleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Repellent compounds used for protection from ticks and their toxicological evaluation

Ticks are vectors of very harmful diseases in humans and animals. Nine arbovirus, tworickettsia, two protozoa and one helminthic diseases are transmitted by ticks in different climatic and geographical zones. Twenty six tick species have been determined in Turkey until now. These tick speciestransmit tropical theileriosis and babesiosis, which are cause of important economical loses especially in farm animals,and lyme disease and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in humans. The control of ticks is getting more important due toappearance of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fewer (CCHF) in Turkey in recent years. However, the control of ticks is a verydiffcult and expensive procedure and generally chance of success is very low. The main aims of tick control are acaricidalcontrol of ticks on animals, making different applications for elimination of tick-born diseases in humans and reduction ofthe contact risk between humans, domestic animals and ticks. The repellent is a common name of the compounds, whichare applied on directly skin, clothes and sometimes curtains and nets, and prevent the humans and domestic animalsagainst attacks of harmful organisms such as mosquitoes, fies and ticks. Although repellent compounds are applied for theorganisms which annoy and suck blood at outdoor, some products used in indoor areas (houses, offces and animal shelters),such as mosquito nets, coils and thermal vaporised liquid and mat formulations, are also evaluated in this frame. Repellentsare very benefcial products for prevent attack by ticks. But, it should be known that these compounds are not completelyharmless and sometimes they can cause toxic effects in humans and domestic animals. In this review, defnition and historyof the repellent compounds, the action mechanisms and features of an ideal repellent, important repellent compounds andtheir toxicological importance and safety usage principles of repellents were evaluated.

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