“Güvenli, Sistemli ve Düzenli Göç İçin Küresel Mutabakat” Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

“Güvenli, Sistemli ve Düzenli Göç için Küresel Mutabakat”, dünya nüfusunun % 3.6’sını teşkil eden göçmenlerin haklarının korunması ve göç olgusunun uluslararası düzeyde çözüme kavuşturulması için geniş bir katılımla imzalanan ilk belgedir. İki yılı aşan hazırlık çalışmaları, her ülkenin sahip olduğu farklı göç şartlarına bağlı olarak oldukça tartışmalı geçen müzakere sürecine rağmen, geniş bir katılımla imzalanan Mutabakat, devletlerin göç olgusunu uluslararası düzlemde düzenleme iradelerini yansıtmaktadır. Göç konusunun kalkınma bakış açısıyla ele alınması, ülkelerin sınır yönetimi ve göçmen kabulüne ilişkin egemenlik haklarından kaynaklanan yetkilerini saklı tutmak istemeleri ve düzenli-düzensiz göç ayrımı gibi farklı tartışmalara konu olan hususların ele alındığı metin, göçmenlerin statü farklılığı gözetilmeksizin sahip olduğu haklara vurgu yapılması ve özellikle iklim ve afet kaynaklı göç olgularına yer verilmiş olması bakımından göç yönetiminde yeni bir aşamayı ifade etmektedir. Devletlerin en önemli çekincesini oluşturan bağlayıcılık hususu, metnin bağlayıcı olmadığının net bir biçimde belirtilmesiyle çözüme kavuşturulmuştur. Dört yılda bir yapılması planlanan “Küresel Göç İzleme Forumu” kapsamında Mutabakat metninin devletlerce uygulanmasının izlenmesi dışında da devletlere herhangi bir somut sorumluluk yüklenmemiştir. Bugün, devletlerin büyük bir çoğunluğu uluslararası göç olgusunun daha iyi yönetilmesi gerektiğini ve aralarında işbirliği olmaksızın kendi başlarına bu hususun üstesinden gelemeyeceklerini kabul etmektedirler. Ancak hem ülkesel çıkarlar, dış ilişkiler, güvenlik ve ekonomik kaygılar gibi farklı sebeplerle hem de göçün kontrolü ve geri kabul gibi hususlardaki anlaşmazlıklar nedeniyle, devletler göçmenlere karşı olan sorumluluklarını göz ardı etmektedirler. Göç, insan hakları kuramının evrensel tanımlaması ile devlet egemenliğinin gerekleri arasında sıkışmış durumdadır. Mutabakatın mevcut haliyle bağlayıcı olmadığı, dolayısıyla kapsamlı ve etkili bir göç yönetimi oluşturmaktan uzak olduğu doktrinde sıklıkla ifade edilmektedir. Ancak mutabakat metinleri ve beraberinde getirdikleri işbirliği mekanizmaları, uzun vadede farklı çalışmalara kapı aralayabilmekte ve özellikle devletler dışındaki aktörlerin de sürece dahil edilmesi ve ek desteklerle, en azından mevcut kazanımların korunmasına katkı sağlayabilmektedirler. Bu bakış açısıyla Küresel Göç Mutabakatı, günümüzün en büyük sorunlarından birinin, uluslararası toplum olarak birlikte ele alınması çabasının sadece niyetini ve başlangıcını oluşturmaktadır. Devletlerin geniş desteği ile göçün uluslararası yönetimine zemin oluşturacak bir kapasiteye sahiptir ve gelecekteki bağlayıcı çalışmalar için uygun temeli oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca Mutabakat, belirlediği her bir hedefin gerçekleştirilmesi için devletlerin kendi durumlarına en uygun olan usulü seçebilecekleri bir yol haritası ve seçenekler menüsü de sağlamaktadır. Ancak son tahlilde süreç, mevcut uluslararası taahhütlerine ek herhangi bir taahhüt altına girmek istemeyen ve sınır kontrolünü egemenlik yetkisi kapsamında değerlendiren devletlerin, söz konusu Mutabakat metninin hedeflerini nasıl hayata geçireceklerine yönelik çabalarıyla şekillenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Küresel Göç Mutabakatı, New York Deklarasyonu, göç, BM 2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Gündemi, devletlerin ulusal egemenliği, insan hakları

“Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration” an Assessment

“The Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration”, is the first international document signed with broad participation to manage migration in international level and protect the rights of migrants, which constitute 3.6% of the world population. The Compact deals with various controversial subjects ranging from regulating migration from a development perspective to balancing the countries’ desire to keep their authority arising from their sovereign rights regarding border management or preserving the distinction of regular and irregular migration. Moreover, the Compact reflects a highly innovative perspective by emphasizing the rights of migrants regardless of their status and recognizing disaster and climate change-related migration. The bindingness issue, which constitutes the most important reservation of the states, was resolved with a clear statement, and no further concrete responsibility was imposed on the states other than monitoring the implementation of the Compact within the scope of the Global Migration Monitoring Forum. Today most of the states accept that international migration urges to be managed by international cooperation. Nevertheless, due to different reasons as national interests, foreign relations, security and economic concerns, many conflicts arise between states regarding the responsibilities towards asylum seekers, migration control and readmission. Therefore activities of the states are stuck between the universal definition of human rights theory and the requirements of state sovereignty. Although the Compact is criticized for not being binding in its current form and therefore being far from establishing a comprehensive and effective migration management, the compacts in general, and the cooperation mechanisms they bring with, can open the door to different studies in the long term. Especially by the inclusion of different actors, and additional support, compacts -at least- can conduce to the preservation of the current stage reached. In addition, with broad support from states, the Compact has the capacity to lay the ground for international management of migration, and provides the appropriate basis for future binding attempts. The Compact reflects the intention and the beginning of the effort to deal with one of the biggest problems of today as an international community. Thus it provides a roadmap and a menu of options from where States can choose the one that best fits their unique situation in order to achieve each goal it sets. However, in the final analysis, the process will be shaped by the efforts of the states -that do not want to make any further international commitments and see border control as a sovereign power- and how they will implement the objectives of the Compact.

Keywords:

Global Compact on Migration, New York Declaration, immigration, UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, national sovereignty of states,

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