Evrensel İnsan Hakları Bildirisi’nin 29. Maddesi ve Kendisinden Sonra Gelen Belgelerdeki İzleri: Bireyin Ödevleri ve İnsan Haklarının Sınırları

Birleşmiş̧ Milletler Genel Kurulu tarafından 10 Aralık 1948 tarihinde kabul edilen Evrensel İnsan Hakları Bildirisi (“Evrensel Bildiri”) yalnızca evrensel insan haklarını değil, hakların sınırlarını ve bireyin içinde yaşadığı topluma karşı ödevlerinin olduğu düşüncesini de ilan etmişti. Evrensel Bildiri’nin 29. maddesi, sırasıyla, bireyin içinde yaşadığı topluma karşı ödevlerini vurgulamış̧ (1. fıkra); hakların hangi amaçlar ve hangi koşullara uygun olarak sınırlandırılabileceğini tanımlamış̧ (2. fıkra) ve hakların Birleşmiş Milletlerin amaç̧ ve ilkelerine aykırı olarak kullanılmasını yasaklamıştı (3. fıkra). Bu yazı, ilk olarak, Evrensel Bildiri’nin hazırlık çalışmaları sırasında beliren anlaşma ve anlaşmazlıkların hakların sınırlarını düzenleyen ve hakları ödevlerle ilişkilendiren 29. maddeye nasıl biçim verdiğini anlamayı amaçlıyor. İkinci olaraksa, Evrensel Bildiri’den sonra gelen insan hakları belgelerinin ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası’nın benzer hükümlerinin 29. madde ile ortaklık ve farklılıklarını tespit etmeyi amaçlıyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirisi, hakların sınırlandırılması, demokratik toplumda gereklilik, bireyin ödevleri, meşru amaçlar, hukukilik

Article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Its Legacies: Duties of The Individual and the Limits of Human Rights

Adopted on 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ("Universal Declaration") did not only pronounce universal human rights but also their limitations along with the idea that individuals bear duties to the community in which they live. Article 29 of the Universal Declaration has, respectively, emphasized the duties of the individual (paragraph 1), defined the aims and the conditions of the limitations of rights (paragraph 2), and proscribed the use of rights in breach of the aims and principles of the United Nations (paragraph 3). This essay seeks, first, to understand how the agreements and disagreements among the drafters gave Article 29 its final shape during the preparatory work for the Universal Declaration. Second, it aims to delineate the similar and distinct wordings and interpretations of the corresponding provisions of international documents that were drafted after the Universal Declaration as well as the corresponding provisions of the Turkish Constitution.

Keywords:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, limitations on rights, duties of the individual, legitimate aims, lawfulness, necessity in a democratic society,

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