Korsanlar (!) Kendilerini Savunuyorlar: Türkiye'deki Amatör Altyazı Çevirmenliğinin Betimlenmesi
Bu
çalışmanın başlıca amacı, amatör altyazı çevirmenlerin yetersiz amatörlerden
ziyade profesyonel altyazı çevirmenleri olarak var olma çabaları ve Türkiye'deki
amatör altyazı çevirmenliğini (fansubbing) betimlemek ve belirtik ve örtük
suçlamalara karşı kendilerini savunan amatör altyazı çevirmenlerinin küçük
kapsamlı bir profilini oluşturmaktır. Bu amaçla "ünlü" amatör altyazı
çevirmenleri ile yapılan görüşlerden oluşan bir bütünce kullanılmıştır.
Bütünce, basılı ve çevrimiçi medya olmak üzere iki tür veri kaynağından oluşmaktadır.
Görüşmelere katılan çevirmenlerin görüşleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda,
bütünce çözümlemeleri; çalışmanın yasallık/etik kurallar, mesleki tanınırlık,
görünürlük, sansür, kalite, çeviri işine güdüleyen etmenler, ödeme/ücret,
dilsel yeterlilik, altyazı çevirisi becerileri ve demografik bilgiler üzerine
kurgulanabileceğini göstermiştir. Çözümlemeler, alanyazın taraması ile birlikte
en ciddi suçlamanın telif hakkı ihlali (Hatcher, 2005), başka bir deyişe
“korsanlık”; en hafifinin ise yanlış çeviri yapmak olduğunu göstermiştir. Yasal
kaygılar genel olarak en ciddi konu gibi görünse de çevirmenler ve telif hakkı
sahipleri arasında hiçbir yasal karşılaşmanın yaşanmaması (Díaz-Cintas ve Sánchez,
2006), buna karşın tartışmaların daha çok meslektaşlar arasında ve
eleştirmenler (izleyiciler, köşe yazarları veya akademisyenler) ile
gerçekleşmesi ilgi çekicidir. Bu nedenle, yaptıkları iş kar amacı gütmeyen bir
uğraş olsa da mesleki tanınırlığın amatör altyazı çevirmenlerinin başlıca amacı
olduğu söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Türk amatör altyazı çevirmenleri, korsanlık, yasallık, savunma
Pirates (!) Strike Back: Turkish Fansubbers Standing up for Fansubbing
This
study is primarily intended to describe Turkish fansubbers’ efforts to exist as professionals rather than incompetent amateurs and fansubbing
in Turkey and to draft a non-exhaustive fansubber profile on the basis of a
corpus mainly consisting of interviews with “famous” Turkish fansubbers, who
have been invited for an interview to defend themselves against explicit and
implicit allegations and to explain their undertaking. The corpus comprises two
types of data source, i.e. print and online media. Drawing on the views of the
interviewees, the corpus analysis has assured that the present study can be
built on such parameters as legality/ethics, professional recognition,
visibility, censorship, quality, motives of fansubbing, remuneration,
linguistic proficiency, fansubbing skills and demographics. Together with the
literature review, the analyses have shown that the most serious accusation
brought against fansubbers is copyright infringement (Hatcher, 2005), i.e.
“pirating”, whereas the mildest is mistranslation. Although legal concerns are generally thought to stand out as the
severest matter, it is interesting that almost no confrontation exists between
fansubbers and copyright holders (Díaz-Cintas and Sánchez, 2006) but it does exist between colleagues and subtitling critics
(viewers, columnists or scholars). Thus, it can be speculated that professional
recognition is the primary concern of fansubbers although their undertaking is
a non-profit voluntary work.
Keywords:
Turkish fansubbers pirating, professional recognition, legality, defence,
___
- Akar, K. (2011). Nazo82 Hakkında her şey. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from https://www.birdizihaber.com/2011/12/nazo82-hakkinda-her-sey-roportaj/ Akkoca, Y. (2010). Altyazı Üstadları. Genç-Analiz, 7, 20-27. Retrieved March 07, 2017, from https://issuu.com/eagleofworld/docs/yfa_gen__analiz_eyl_l Altyazı çevirmenliği: Cem Özdemir ile röporaj (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2017, from http://www.cevirikitabi.com/cevirmenler-ne-isler-ceviriyor/altyazi-cevirmenligi-cem-ozdemir-ile-roportaj/ Aymete, O. (2016). Eşekherif: Cem Özdemir röportajı. Retrieved January 25, 2017, from https://www.timeout.com/istanbul/tr/film/esekherif-cem-oezdemir-roeportaji Bayar, S. C. (2012). Online practice of fan-based subtitles: The case of the Turkish translators. Unpublished master's thesis. Erasmus University, Rotterdam. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2105/11257 Bold, B. (2011). The Power of fan communities: An overview of fansubbing in Brazil. Tradução Em Revista, 11, 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17771/PUCRio.TradRev.18881 Bruti, S. (2015). Compliments in fansubs and in professional subtitles: The case of Lost. Rivista Internazionale di Tecnica della Traduzione, 16, 13-34. Retrieved from https://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/11202/1/Bruti.pdf Chu, D. S.C. (2012). Fanatical labor and serious leisure: A case of fansubbing in China. In F. L. Lee, L. Leung, J. L. Qiu & D. S. C. Chu (Eds.), Frontiers in New Media Research (pp. 259–277). New York and London: Taylor and Francis. Condry, I. (2010). Dark energy: What fansubs reveal about the copyright wars. Mechademia, 5 (1), 193-208. Cönk'e Sorduk, Cevapladı!. (2012). Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://altyazidunyasi.blogspot.com.tr/2012/01/conke-sorduk-cevaplad.html Diaz-Cintas, J. & Sanchez, P. M. (2006). Fansubs: Audiovisual translation in an amateur environment. Journal of Specialized Translation, 6, 37–52. Retrieved from www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_diaz_munoz.pdf. Accessed 05/12/2009. Díaz-Cintas, J. (2005). Back to the future in subtitling. In Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast and Sandra Nauert (Eds.), MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings (pp. 1 - 17), Saarbrücken: MuTra. Retrieved from www.euroconferences.info/proceedings/2005_Proceedings/2005_DiazCintas_Jorge.pdf. DixPlanet ile Röportaj (n.d.), Retrieved March 29, 2015, from www.animemagfantr.com Doktor Jivago'dan haber var... (2009). Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://www.tersninja.com/doktor-jivagodan-haber-var/ Erguvan, M. (2016) Venutian Scale in the Realm of Subtitling in Turkey A Comparative Analysis of the Fansubs and the Official Subtitles of Family Guy, Journal of Translation Studies, 22 (2016), 147–168 Eser, O. (2015) A Model of Translator’s Competence from an Educational Perspective. International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, 3 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.3n.1p.4 Frizell, S. (2014). Game of Thrones Was the Most Pirated TV Show of 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://time.com/3647612/game-of-thrones-downloads/ Gence, H. (January 18, 2009). Altyazı üstatları. Hürriyet. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/altyazi-ustatlari-10795574 González, L. P. (2009). Fansubbing anime: Insights into the 'Butterfly Effect2 of Globalizasation on audiovisual translation. Perspectives, 14 (4), 260-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09076760708669043 Hatcher, J. (2005). Of otakus and fansubs: A critical look at anime online in light of current issues in copyright law, SCRIPT-ed, 2 (4), 515-41. Retrieved from http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol2-4/hatcher.asp. He, T. (2014). Fansubs and Market Access of Foreign Audiovisual Products in China: The Copyright Predicament and the Use of No Action Policy, Oregon Review of International Law, 16 (2), 307-346. Karabacak, F. (2014). İSÇEV Cem Özdemir (eşekherif) ile buluşuyor!. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://www.ceviriblog.com/2014/12/09/iscev-cem-ozdemir-esekherif-ile-bulusuyor/ Karataş, B. (2012). The Big Bang Theory'i Çevirmenine Sorduk?. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from https://www.birdizihaber.com/2012/09/the-big-bang-theoryi-cevirmenine-sorduk-sohbet/ Kastore ile Röportaj. (2011). Retrieved April 14, 2015, from http://altyazidunyasi.blogspot.com.tr/2011/12/kastore-ile-roportaj.html Kavuşan, K. (2012, April 27) Altyazının görünmez kahramanları, Akşam. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://www.aksam.com.tr/cumartesi/altyazinin-gorunmez-kahramanlari--113098h/haber-113098 Kreb, J. (2011). Towards the Description of the Dutch Language Amateur Subtitling Scene on the Internet. Unpublished master's thesis. Utrecht University, Utrecht. Leadbeater, C. & Miller, P. (2004). The pro-am revolution: How enthusiasts are changing our economy and society. London: Demos. Lee, H-K. (2009). Between fan culture and copyright infringement: manga scanlation. Media Culture & Society, 31 (6), 1011 - 1022. Leonard, S. 2004. Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress—columns.pdf Liu, X. & de Seta, G. (2015). Chinese fansub groups as communities of practice: An ethnography of online language learning. In P. Marolt & D. K. Herold (Eds.), China Online: Locating Society in Online Spaces, (pp. 125-140), New York: Routledge. LOST - Tempo Dergisi - AÇIKLAMA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2015, from http://altyazi.org/index.php?page=haber&sid=32 Lu, J. (2011). FanSub, idealist or pirate?. 6 pm Journal of Digital Research and Publishing, University of Sydney. Retrieved from http://6pmjournal.blogspot.com.tr/ Luczaj, K., Holy-Luczaj, M. & Cwiek-Rogalska, K. (2014). Fansubbers: The case of the Czech Republic and Poland, Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, 5 (2), 175-198. Mäntylä, T. (2010). Piracy or productivity: Unlawful practices in anime fansubbing. Unpublished master's thesis. Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo. Retrieved from http://lib.tkk.fi/Dipl/2010/urn100297.pdf Massidda, Serenella (2012) The Italian fansubbing phenomenon. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Universitádegli Studi di Sassari, Sassari. Ocak, S. (2013, June 07). 'esekherif' Game of The Thrones'a 'Türkiye ayakta' yazdı!. Radikal, Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/esekherif-game-of-the-thronesa-turkiye-ayakta-yazdi-1136653/ O’Hagan, M. (2009). Evolution of User-generated Translation: Fansubs, Translation Hacking and Crowdsourcing. Journal of Internationalisation and Location, 1 (1), 94-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.1.04hag O'Hagan, M. (2011) Community Translation: Translation as a social activity and its possible consequences in the advent of Web 2.0 and beyond. Linguistica Antverpiensia. 10, 1-10. Retrieved from https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/article/view/275/173 Orrego-Carmona, D. (2016). A reception study on non-professional subtitling. Do audiences notice any difference? Across Languages and Cultures 17 (2), 163–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2016.17.2.2 Orrego-Carmona, D. (2015). The reception of (non)professional subtitling. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona. Retrieved from http://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/306439/Tesi?sequence=1 Orrego-Carmona, D. (2014). Subtitling, video consumption and viewers: The impact of the young audience, Translation Spaces, 3 (1), 51-70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.3.03orr Orrego-Carmona, D. (2014). Where is the audience? Testing the audience reception of non-professional subtitling. In E. Torres-Simon & D. Orrego-Carmona (Eds), Translation Research Projects 5 (pp. 77-91). Tarragona: Intercultural Studies Group. PACTE. (2005). Investigating Translation Competence: Conceptual and Methodological Issues, Meta: Translators' Journal, 50 (2), 609-619. PACTE. (2003). Building a Translation Competence Model. In F. Alves (Ed), Triangulating Translation: Perspectives in Process Oriented Research (pp. 43-66). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. PACTE. (2000). Acquiring Translation Competence: Hypotheses and Methodological Problems in a Research Project. In A. Beeby, D. Ensinger & M. Presas (Eds), Investigating Translation (pp. 99-106). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Rush, A. (2009). Otaku creations: The participatory culture of fansubbing. Kinephanos, 1 (1), 5-6. Retrieved from http://www.kinephanos.ca/2009/otaku-creations-the-participatory-culture-of-fansubbing/ Sajna, M. (2013). Amateur subtitling – selected problems and solutions. In V. Bilić, A. Holderbaum, A. Kimmes, J. Kornelius, J. Stewart & C. Stoll (Eds.), Translation in Transition 2013-03 (pp.1-18). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. Retrieved from http://www.t21n.com/homepage/articles/T21N-2013-03-Sajna.pdf Uslu, S. (2011). Shagrathian Hakkında Her Şey. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from https://www.birdizihaber.com/2012/06/shagrathian-hakkinda-her-sey-roportaj/ Wang, F. (2014). Similarities and Differences between Fansub Translation and Traditional Paper-based Translation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4 (9), 1904-1911, http://dx.doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.9.1904-1911 Zhang, X. (2013). Fansubbing in China. MultiLingual, 24 (5), 30-37. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279931748_Fansubbing_in_China
- ISSN: 2718-0905
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2016
- Yayıncı: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler
Seyahat Acentalarında Internet Kullanımı ve Sosyal Medya
Sinan GÖKDEMİR, S. Haluk ERDEM
Korsanlar (!) Kendilerini Savunuyorlar: Türkiye'deki Amatör Altyazı Çevirmenliğinin Betimlenmesi
Tüketimde Benlik Algısı: Sosyal Medya Hesaplarında Tüketici Olmak