SAHRAALTI AFRİKA'DA ÇİN – BATI MÜCADELESİ: GÜÇ GEÇİŞİ İÇİN YENİ MERKEZ

Soğuk Savaş neticesinde ideolojik rekabetin bitmesi ve 2001 yılında Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’ne (DTÖ) üye olunmasıyla birlikte Çin’in süratle büyüyen uluslararası ticaret hacmi, ekonominin enerji ve hammadde ihtiyacını karşılamak için Afrika kıtası ülkeleri ile ilişkilerinin hızla geliştirilmesine yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’daki artan nüfuzunu, bölgeye ilgisinin nedenlerini, Batı ülkeleri ile çatışma alanlarını ve Batı ülkeleri – Çin ilişkilerini Sahraaltı Afrika kapsamında incelemektir. Çalışmada, Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’da yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin Güç Geçişi Teorisi kapsamında incelenerek bölgedeki Batı ülkeleri – Çin rekabetinin küresel etkilerinin anlaşılması kapsamında önem arz etmektedir. Yapılan bu nitel araştırmada, ülke liderleri ve ilgili devlet kurumları gibi birincil veri kaynaklarının yanı sıra kitap ve makale gibi ikincil veriler de incelenerek içerik analizi, söylem analizi ve yorumsamacılık gibi bilimsel araştırma tekniklerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, Deng Xiaoping’in liberal politikaları ile Çin’in sermaye biriktirip dünyaya açıldığı, özel sektöre devlet desteği ve ülkelerin içişlerine karışmama politikalarıyla öne çıktığı, özellikle Batı ülkeleri ile Afrika’da uyguladığı politikalar konusunda farklılaştığı ve Güç Geçişi Teorisi kapsamında dünyada baskın güç olabilmek için Afrika’ya ihtiyaç duyduğu bulgularına ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Baskın Güç, Çin, Güç Geçişi Teorisi, Pekin Deklarasyonu, Sahraaltı Afrika

CHINA – WEST CONTESTATION IN SUB – SAHARAN AFRICA: NEW CENTER FOR THE POWER TRANSITION

With the end of ideological competition of the Cold War and as a result of its becoming a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China's rapidly growing international trade volume has led to the quick development of relations with African countries to meet the energy and raw material needs of its economy. This study aims to examine China's increasing influence in Sub-Saharan Africa, the reasons for its interest in the region, conflict issues with Western countries, and relations between Western countries and China within the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. The study examines China’s activities in Sub-Saharan Africa within the scope of Power Transition Theory, and thus it is important to provide an understanding global effect of competition between Western countries and China in the region. This qualitative research examines primary data sources such as country leaders and relevant government institutions and secondary data such as books, theses, and articles, and it uses scientific research techniques such as content analysis, discourse analysis, and hermeneutics. The findings of the study show that China has accumulated capital and opened up to the world through Deng Xiaoping’s liberal policies, that it has come to the forefront due to its policies of state support to the private sector and non – interference to the internal affairs of countries, that it has differentiated itself from especially Western countries in its policy implementations in Africa, and that China needs Africa to become a dominant power in the world within the scope of Power Transition Theory.

Keywords:

Dominant Power, China, Power Transition Theory, Beijing Declaration, Sub – Saharan Africa.,

PDF

___

African Economic Outlook 2018. (2018). African Development Bank. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/African_Economic_Outlook_2018_-_EN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Altorfer-Ong, A. (2009). Tanzanian Freedom and Chinese Friendship in 1965 laying the tracks for the TanZam rail link. LSE Cold War Studies Programme.
Arslan, İ. (2018). Bir Ülke-Bir Kıta İlişkileri: Çin-Afrika Örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt:16, Sayı:31, 125-142.
Baloi, A.-M. (2021). Africa is Becoming China’s China. Grey Dynamics. https://www.greydynamics.com/africa-is-becoming-chinas-china/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Bayram, M. (2018). Güç ve Kimlik Perspektifinden Çin – Afrika ilişkileri. Savaş Yayınevi.
Brautigam, D. (2009). The dragon’s gift: The real story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press.
Cheng, J. Y. S. & Shi, H. (2009). China’s African Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. Journal of Contemporary Asia, Cilt:39, Sayı:1, 87-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330802506840
Chinese smartphone brands top Africa’s market in Q3. (2021). Xinhua. http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/06/c_1310355183.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Diallo, M. O. (2021). In Guinea, environmentalists and locals are divided over the building of a dam near a wildlife park. Equal Times. https://www.equaltimes.org/in-guinea-environmentalists-and, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
European Commission. (2022). Nuclear energy statistics. Eurostat Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_statistics, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
GDP growth (annual %)—China, Data. (t.y.). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Gilpin, R. (1981). War and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Kaufman, A. A. (2011). The "Century of Humiliation” and China’s National Narratives. United States – China Economic and Security Review Commission.
Le Monde. (2017). L’Afrique a-t-elle encore une importance stratégique pour la France au XXIe siècle ? Le Monde Afrique. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/13/l-afrique-a-t-elle-encore-une-importance-strategique-pour-la-france-au-xxie-siecle_5062326_3212.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Lee, C. K. (2017). The Specter of Global China: Politics, Labor, and Foreign Investment in Africa. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226340975.001.0001
Muggah, R. & Hill, K. (2018). African cities will double in population by 2050. Here are 4 ways to make sure they thrive. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/Africa-urbanization-cities-double-population-2050-4%20ways-thrive/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Museveni to surrender Uganda’s only international airport over Chinese loan. (2021, Kasım 26). The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. https://editor.guardian.ng/news/museveni-to-surrender-ugandas-only-international-airport-over-chinese-loan/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Nnajiofor, P. (2020). Chinese and Western Investments in Africa: A Comparative Analysis. International Critical Thought, Cilt:10, Sayı:3, 473-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2020.1846583
OECD/SWAC. (2020). Africa’s Urbanisation Dynamics 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/b6bccb81-en
Organski, A. F. K. (1968). World Politics, 2. Baskı, The University of Michigan.
Oyedeji, N. (2021, Aralık 3). Is China taking over Uganda’s airport? FactCheckHub. https://factcheckhub.com/is-china-taking-over-ugandas-airport/, (Erişim: 10.01.2022).
Rønning, H. (2016). How much ‘Soft Power’ does China have in Africa? İçinde Z. Xiaoling, H. Wasserman, & W. Mano (Ed.), China’s media and soft power in Africa: Promotion and perceptions Palgrave Macmillan, s. 65-78.
Sun, I. Y., Jayaram, K., & Kassiri, O. (2017). Dance of the lions and dragons How are Africa and China engaging, and how will the partnership evolve? McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/Middle%20East%20and%20Africa/The%20closest%20look%20yet%20at%20Chinese%20economic%20engagement%20in%20Africa/Dance-of-the-lions-and-dragons.ashx, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Textor, C. (2021). China: Average salary 2018, Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278349/average-annual-salary-of-an-employee-in-china/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
Thucydides. (1954). The History of the Peloponnesian War (R. Crawley, Çev.). Penguin Books.
Vural, A. (2017). Yumuşak Güç Stratejisi Çerçevesinde Çin’in Afrika Politikası. Avrasya Etüdleri, Cilt: 51, Sayı:1, 123-152.
World Nuclear Association. (2022). Nuclear Power in France | French Nuclear Energy—World Nuclear Association. https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/france.aspx, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).
赵诗悦/Zhàoshīyuè. (2021). China remains Africa’s top trading partner for 12 years. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/27/WS61517a7ca310cdd39bc6bdab.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2022).