BİZANS SANATINDA ALEGORİK BİR FİGÜR: HADES

Bu çalışmada Bizans Sanatında alegorik bir figür olarak beliren Hades’inikonografisi, kanonik, apokrif ve edebî kaynaklar ışığında ele alınmaktadır. Antik dönemgörsel ve edebî kaynaklarına dayalı “kült”ünden tanınan, yer altının -veya ölüler ülkesinintanrısı Hades’in Orta Çağ’da süren efsanevi varlığı, ölüm temasının ve cehennemin alegorikbir görüntüsü olarak Bizans tasvirlerinde kendine yer bulmuştur. Hades’in alegorik imgesi,Septuagint’i temel alan Mezmurlar Kitabı’nın 9. yüzyıl ve sonrasına ait resimli kopyalarındapek çok marj resminde karşımıza çıkar. Bu resimler mezmur dizeleri ile ilişkilendirilmiştir veaynı zamanda belli ayinlerde (orthros, hespera vs.) okunacak mezmurlar için bir tür işaretçigörevi görmüştür. El yazmalarında Hades, günahkârların kabul edilmesi, Lazarus’undiriltilmesi, Anastasis gibi bilindik konulara ek olarak, Barlaam ve Ioasaphat’ın Vita’sındakihikâyeler gibi, Bizans yazınından seçilen farklı konular içinde de tasvir edilmiştir. Kimizaman mezmur metinlerindeki kavramsal anlam, içinde Hades’in ve ölülerin yer aldığısahneler yardımıyla açıklanmıştır. Bu sahnelerdeki figürler günahkârları, Hades ise günahkârruhları kucağında tutarak cehennemi temsil eder. Bizans kilise resim programında Hadesyalnızca Anastasis sahnesinde görülür. Ancak Hades figür olarak, Anastasis’te her zamanÂdem, Havva ve kral peygamberler Davud ile Süleyman gibi geleneksel bir öge değildir.Tasvirlerde, Hades’in belli bir standart görüntüsü olmasa da onun pagan, günahkâr vekorkunç yönüne vurgu yapılır.

An Allegorical Figure in Byzantine Art: Hades

This study discusses the iconography of Hades, who appears as an allegorical figure in Byzantine Art, in the light of canonical, apocryphal and literary sources. The god of the underworld -or the land of the dead- known from his ancient “cult” based on depictions and literary sources, Hades and his legendary existence in the Middle Ages has found its place as an allegorical image of the theme of death and hell in Byzantine depictions. The allegorical image of Hades in Byzantine Art appears in many marginal illuminations in the copies of Psalterium -based on the Septuagint- from the 9th century and later. Byzantine marginal illuminations are associated with the psalm verses and also serve as a kind of marker for particular verses to be sung at certain service (orthros, vespers etc.) in Byzantine liturgy. In the manuscripts, Hades is depicted in different scenes sourced from Byzantine literature,such as the stories in Barlaam and Ioasaphat’s Vita, in addition to familiar subjects such as Hades receiving sinners, the raising of Lazarus, and the Anastasis. Sometimes the conceptual meaning in a psalm verse is explained with the help of scenes including Hades and the dead. The figures in these scenes represent sinners, while Hades symbolises Hell, holding the sinners in his arms. In the Byzantine church painting program, Hades appears only in the Anastasis stage. However, Hades as a figure is not always a traditional component in the Anastasis, contrary to Adam, Eve and the king prophets, David and Solomon. Although there is no certain standard type of Hades’s image in the depictions, it is emphasized that the figure is a pagan and he has a sinful, threatening and terrible nature.

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