ÇOCUKLUK DÖNEMİNDE CİNSEL İSTİSMARA MARUZ BIRAKILMIŞ YETİŞKİNLERE YÖNELİK BİREYSEL DANIŞMANLIK SÜRECİ HAKKINDA BİR DERLEME

Cinsel istismar, çocukluktan yetişkinliğe kadar uzanabilen bilişsel, davranışsal ve duygusal sorunlara yol açabilmektedir. Bu sorunlar çeşitli profesyonel desteklerle azaltılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada sosyal hizmet açısından cinsel istismar öyküsü olan yetişkinlere yönelik bireysel danışmanlık konusu spesifik olarak ele alınmıştır. İlk olarak sosyal hizmet açısından bireysel danışmanlık temasına yer verilmiştir. Cinsel istismar öyküsü olan yetişkinlere yönelik danışmanlık ise üç aşamada ele alınmıştır. Birinci aşamada müracaatçıyla profesyonel ilişki kurma, sosyal çalışmacının etik sorumlulukları, görüşme ortamının özellikleri gibi temalara yer verilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise müracaatçının sorunu ve bu sorunun nedenlerinin ele alınması ve bu yapılırken müracaatçının özerkliğine saygı duyulması, müracaatçının cinsel istismarla ilgili bilişsel değerlendirme ve başa çıkma tarzlarının belirlenmesi gibi temalara yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada ise müracaatçının duygusal ve davranışsal sorunlarının çözümü için kullanılabilecek teknikler ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak sosyal hizmet alanında cinsel istismar gibi travmatik sorun alanlarıyla ilgili spesifik uygulama çalışmalarına ihtiyaç olduğuna değinilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

cinsel istismar, sosyal hizmet, danışmanlık

A Review About the Individual Counseling Process For Adults Who Have Been Sexually Abused During Childhood

Child sexual abuse, can lead to cognitive, behavioral and emotional problems that can extend from childhood to adulthood. These problems can be reduced by various professional supports. In this study, individual counseling for adults with a history of child sexual abuse in terms of social work was specifically addressed. First, the theme of individual counseling in terms of social work was included. Counseling for adults with a history of child sexual abuse was addressed in three stages. In the first stage, themes such as establishing a professional relationship with the client, ethical responsibilities of the social worker, and the characteristics of the interview environment were included. In the second stage, themes such as addressing the problem of the client and the causes of this problem and respecting the autonomy of the client while doing this, cognitive evaluation and coping styles of the client regarding sexual abuse were included. In the third stage, the techniques that can be used to solve the emotional and behavioral problems of the client are discussed. As a result, it was mentioned that there is a need for specific implementation studies regarding traumatic problem areas such as child sexual abuse in social work.

Keywords:

child sexual abuse, social work, counseling,

PDF

___

Abdulrehman, R. Y., & De Luca, R. V. (2001). The implications of childhood sexual abuse on adult social behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 16(2), 193–203. doi:10.1023/a:1011163020212
Alaggia, R., & Millington, G. (2008). Male child sexual abuse: A phenomenology of betrayal. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36(3), 265–275. doi:10.1007/s10615-007-0144-y
Bagley, C. & Ramsay, R. (1986). Sexual abuse in childhood: Psychosocial outcomes and ımplications for social work practice. Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality, 4:1-2, 33-47, DOI:10.1300/J291v04n01_07
Ballantine, M. W. (2011). Sibling ıncest dynamics: Therapeutic themes and clinical challenges. Clinical Social Work Journal, 40(1), 56–65.
Banyard, V. L., & Williams, L. M. (2007). Women’s voices on recovery: A multi-method study of the complexity of recovery from child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 275–290. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.016
Barker-Collo, S. L. (2001). Adult reports of child and adult attributions of blame for childhood sexual abuse: predicting adult adjustment and suicidal behaviors in females. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(10), 1329–1341. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00278-2
Barrett, A., Kamiya, Y., & Sullivan, V. O. (2014). Childhood sexual abuse and later-life economic consequences. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 53, 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2014.07.001
Cole, C. (1988). Routine comprehensive inquiry for abuse: A justifiable clinical assessment procedure? Clinical Social Work Journal, 16(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00753406
Daniluk, J. C., & Haverkamp, B. E. (1993). Ethical issues in counseling adult survivors of incest. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(1), 16–22. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02270.x
DiLillo, D., & Damashek, A. (2003). Parenting characteristics of women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 8(4), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559503257104
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Whitfield, C. L., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., & Giles, W. H. (2005). Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(5), 430–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.015
Duyan, V. (2003). Sosyal hizmetin işlev ve rolleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 14 (2), 1-22. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/issue/48438/613598
Edmond, T., Sloan, L., & McCarty, D. (2004). Sexual abuse survivors’ perceptions of the effectiveness of EMDR and eclectic therapy. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(4), 259–272. doi:10.1177/1049731504265830
Feiring, C., & Cleland, C. (2007). Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(11-12), 1169–1186. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.020
Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2006). Child sexual abuse, coping responses, self-blame, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adult sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(5), 652–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506286879
Graziano, R. (2014). The challenge of clinical work with survivors of trauma. J.R. Brandell (Ed.), Essentials of Clinical Social Work içinde (338-365. ss.). USA: SAGE Publications.
Hall, L., & Lloyd, S. (1993). Surviving child sexual abuse: A handbook for helping women challenge their past (2nd ed.). Falmer Press/Taylor & Francis, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203305713
Haugaard, J. J. (2000). The challenge of defining child sexual abuse. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.9.1036
Herman, J. ( 2011). Travma ve iyileşme şiddetin sonuçları ev içi istismardan siyasi teröre. İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
Himelein, M. J., & McElrath, J. A. V. (1996). Resilient child sexual abuse survivors: Cognitive coping and illusion. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(8), 747–758. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00062-2
Hunter, Jr., J. A., Goodwin, D. W., & Wilson, R. J. (1993). Attributions of blame in child sexual abuse victims. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1(3), 75–89. doi:10.1300/j070v01n03_06
Johnson, C. F. (2004). Child sexual abuse. The Lancet, 364(9432), 462–470. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16771-8
Jonas, S., Bebbington, P., McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Jenkins, R., Kuipers, E., … Brugha, T. (2010). Sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in England: results from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 41(04), 709–719. doi:10.1017/s003329171000111x
Jones, E. (1991) Working with Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. London:Karnac Books.
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. ve Cemalcılar, Z. (2014). Dünden bugüne insan ve insanlar (16. Baskı). İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
Kelly, B. L., & Gates, T. G. (2010). Using the strengths perspective in the social work ınterview with young adults who have experienced childhood sexual abuse. Social Work in Mental Health, 8(5), 421–437. doi:10.1080/15332981003744438
Koehn, C.V. (2007) Women's perceptions of power and control in sexual abuse counseling. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16:1, 37-60, DOI: 10.1300/J070v16n01_03
Kongar, E. (2007). Sosyal Çalışma’ya Giriş. Ankara: SABEV Yayınları.
Lange, A., de Beurs, E., Dolan, C., Lachnit, T., Sjollema, S., & Hanewald, G. (1999). Long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse: Objective and subjective characteristics of the abuse and psychopathology in later life. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(3), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199903000-00004
Lee, S. J., & Tolman, R. M. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse and adult work outcomes. Social Work Research, 30(2), 83–92. doi:10.1093/swr/30.2.83
Levenkron, S. ve Levenkron, A. (2013). Çalınan Yarınlar Kadınlar Çocukken Uğradığı Cinsel İstismarı Anlamak ve Tedavi Etmek. İstanbul: Paloma Yayınevi
Lev-wiesel Rachel. (2000). Quality of life in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse who have undergone therapy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9(1), 1–13. doi:10.1300/j070v09n01_01
Love, S., & Robinson Kurpius, S. E. (2020). Childhood sexual abuse and coping as young adults: The roles of attachment and mattering. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626052095864. doi:10.1177/0886260520958647
Martsolf, D. S., & Draucker, C. B. (2005). Psychotherapy approaches for adult survıvors of childhood sexual abuse: An integrative review of outcomes research. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(8), 801–825. doi:10.1080/01612840500184012
Mathews, B., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2019). Child sexual abuse: toward a conceptual model and definition. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017738726
McGregor, K., Thomas, D. R., & Read, J. (2006). Therapy for child sexual abuse: Women talk about helpful and unhelpful therapy experiences. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(4),35–59. doi:10.1300/J070v15n04_03
Mcmıllen, C., & Zuravin, S. (1997). Attributions of blame and responsibility for child sexual abuse and adult adjustment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(1), 30–48. doi:10.1177/088626097012001003
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, G. P. (1994). The effect of child sexual abuse on social, ınterpersonal and sexual function in adult life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165(01), 35–47. doi:10.1192/bjp.165.1.35
Oral, M, Tuncay, T. (2012). Ruh sağlığı alanında sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının rol ve sorumlulukları. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 23 (2), 93-114. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/issue/48425/613543
Pérez-Fuentes, G., Olfson, M., Villegas, L., Morcillo, C., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse: a national study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(1), 16–27. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.05.010
Roberts, R., O’Connor, T., Dunn, J., & Golding, J. (2004). The effects of child sexual abuse in later family life; mental health, parenting and adjustment of offspring. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(5), 525–545. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.006
Sanderson, C. (2006). Counselling adult survivors of child sexual abuse. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Spataro, J., Mullen, P., Burgess, P., Wells, D., & Moss, S. (2004). Impact of child sexual abuse on mental health: Prospective study in males and females. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(5), 416-421. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.5.416
Stoltenborgh, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
Şahin-Taşğın, N. (2019). Sosyal hizmet süpervizyonu ve Türkiye için öneriler. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30(3), 1005-1032. Tapia, N.D. (2014). Survivors of child sexual abuse and predictors of adult re-victimization in the United States: A forward logistic regression analysis. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 9, 64-73.
Tuncay, T, İl, S. (2009). Sosyal hizmet uygulamasında empatiyi yeniden düşünmek. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 20 (2), 39-56. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/issue/48445/613678
Ventura, E. M. (2012). Strategies and techniques for counseling survivors of trauma. Eds. L. Lopez Levers (Ed.), Trauma Counseling içinde (504-520 ss.). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Walton, E. (2005). Therapeutic forgiveness: Developing a model for empowering victims of sexual abuse. Clinical Social Work Journal, 33(2), 193–207. DOI: 10.1007/s10615-005-3532-1
Zastrow, C. (2014). Sosyal hizmete giriş. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
Zinzow, H., Seth, P., Jackson, J., Niehaus, A., & Fitzgerald, M. (2010). Abuse and parental characteristics, attributions of blame, and psychological adjustment in adult survivors of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(1), 79–98. doi:10.1080/10538710903485989