Commitment by Default? Long-Term Implications of Georgian-Us Security Cooperation

Commitment by Default? Long-Term Implications of Georgian-Us Security Cooperation

While awarding the politics of oil a subsidiary role, the aim of this article is to assess the consequences of Georgia's security cooperation with the United States and thereby it seeks to answer the question: what long-term issues and risks are connected to the US-Georgian security cooperation? These do not solely emanate from the traditional physical threats of military affairs, political instability and unsettled disputes over hydrocarbon assets. An increased engagement also brings about risks related to how regional actors perceive the cooperation. By this cognitive aspect, the traditional security risks become stronger and more dangerous.

___

  • 1. USAID in Georgia, Strategic Plan Georgia -USAID/Caucasus, 1999, p. 9.
  • 2 L. Jonson, "The New Geopolitical Situation in the Caspian Region", in C. Chufrin (ed.), The Security of the Caspian Sea Region, New York, Oxford University Press/SIPRI, 2000, p. 18ff.
  • 3. S. E. Cornell, Beyond Oil: US Engagement in the Caspian Region, Working paper no 52, Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, 2000, pp. 13-18.
  • 4. A. Gegeshidze, "Georgia in Need for a New Strategic Agenda", Caucasus Context, no: 1, 2003, p. 38ff
  • 5. R. Sakalsky & T. Charlick-Paley, Tanya, NATO and Caspian Security: A Mission Too Far? RAND Report MR-1074-AF, 1999, p. 7.
  • 6. D. Darchiashvili, "Trends of Strategic Thinking in Georgia: Achievements, Problems and Prospects", in Bertsch, Gary K. et al (eds.), Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Nevv York, Routledge, 2000A, p. 70f. 1 National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House, September 2002.
  • 8. J. McCarthy, "The Geo-politics of Caspian Oil", Jane's Intelligence Review, July, 2000, p. 24.
  • 9. R. Menon, Central Asia's Foreign Policy and Security Challenges: Implications for the United States, NBR, vol. 6 (4), 1995, pp. 13-15.
  • 10. K.T. O'Halloran, "A Nevv U.S. Regional Strategy Tovvard Russia", Strategic Review, vol. 27 (3), 1999, p. 58.
  • 11 N. Burns, "NATO Admits in Public Caucasus and Central Asia are Within Sphere of its Interests", R/A Novosti, 9 May, 2002.
  • 12. R.N. Haass, & M.L. O'Sullivan, 'Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies", Survival, vol. 42 (2), 2000, p. 114f
  • l3. "v Nastuyashee Vremya u Menya Yest Garantia togo[...]: Intervyu Prezidenta Gruzii Eduarda Shevardnadze Telekampanii 'Rustavi-2'", Svobodnaya Gruzia, 16 May, 2003. l4Darchiashvili, op. cit., p. 67ff
  • 15Quoted in L. Shevtsova, "New Danger: Hyperpower on the Loose", Moscow News, 7-13 May, 2003
  • 16. N. V Zubarevich & Y.E. Fedorov, "Russian-Southern Economic Interaction: Partner or Competitors", in Menon, et. al. (eds.), Russia, The Caucasus and Central Asia: The 21sl Century Security Environment, New York: ME Sharpe/EastWest Institute, 1999, pp. 119-144.
  • 17. A. Rondeli, "Regional Security Prospects in the Caucasus", in G.K. Bertsch et. al. (eds.), Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, New York, Routledge, 2000, p. 49f.
  • 18. Sakalsky & Charlick-Paley, A Mission Too Far, p. 83f.
  • 19. S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, London, Simon and Schuster, 1997, pp. 275-280.
  • 20. S.E. Cornell, Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separation in the South Caucasus - Cases in Georgia, PhD Dissertation, Uppsala University, 2002, pp. 21-57.
  • 21. USAID in Georgia - Monthly Newsletter, vol. 1 (1), 2001, p. 1.
  • 22 US Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, FY 2000 Annual Report, January 2001
  • 23. Spruyt & Ruseckas, A Mission Too Far, p. 107.
  • 24. Human Development Report 2002, UNDP.
  • 25. A. Menteshashvili, Security and Foreign Policy in Central Asia and Caucasian Republics, NATO, 1999.
  • 26. R.R. Krebs, "Perverse Institutionalism: NATO and the Greco-Turkish Conflict", International Organization, vol. 53 (2), 1999, pp. 343-377
  • 27 Z. Pochkhua, "The US Government does not Advocate the Overthrovv of the Shevardnadze Administration", Georgian Times, 12 May, 2003, p. 4, 9.
  • 28. People Dissatisfıed with Government", Georgian Times, 13 July, 2001, p. 2. 29"Corruption Survey in Georgia - Second Wave", GORBI, June 2002, p. 20.
  • 30. F. Heisbourg, "American Hegemony? Perceptions of the US Abroad", Survival, vol. 4 (41), 1999-2000, p. 12. 310. Noreng, "R0rledningar er storpolitikk: Det nye spillet om oljen fra Kaukasus og Sentral-Asia", Internasjonal Politikk, vol. 58 (2), 2000, p. 182. i2Army and Society in Georgia, CIPDD, September-October, 2001.
  • 33J. George, "Georgia's Strategic Balancing Act: Has increased US Presence in Georgia affected Georgian-Russian Relations?", AmCham News, no: 3, 2003, p. 10ff.,
  • 34. "On Beginning of the Process of Accession to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)", Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia, Tbilisi, 13 September 2002, no: 1661.
  • 35. "Timing is Everything: NATO Secretary General Visits Georgia", The Georgian Messenger, 13 May, 2003, p. 2.
  • 36. I. Aladashvili, "Foreign Assistance to the Georgian Army", Army and Society in Georgia, CIPDD, January-February, 2001.
  • 37. G. Bakradze, "A Long Way to NATO", Georgia Today, 16-22 May, 2003, p. İf.
  • 38. G. Robertson, "'Georgia and NATO': Enhancing our Partnership", The Georgian Öessenger, 14 May, 2003, p. 2.
  • 39. C. Tashkevich, "MPs Warn Door to NATO May Close", The Georgian Messenger, 14 May, 2003, p. 1.
  • 40. C. Tashkevich, "NATO Military Experts 'satisfied'", The Georgian Messenger, 13 May, 2003, p. 3. 41. R. Dannreuther, "Escaping the Enlargement Trap in NATO-Russian Relations", Survival, vol. 41 (4) 1999-2000, p. 146.
  • 42. Menon, Treacherous Terrain, p. 10.
  • 43. S.G. Brooks & W.C. Wohlforth, "American Primacy in Perspective", Foreign Ajfairs, vol. 81 (2), 2002, p. 26.
  • 44. Sakalsky & Charlick-Paley, A Mission Too Far, p. 84, 96.
  • 45. "Georgia's Accession to NATO Does not Worry Russia, Says Defence Minister", har- Tass, 19 September, 2002, from CDI Weekly # 223, 20 September, 2002.
  • 46. George, "Georgia's Strategic Balancing Act", p. lOff
  • 47. T. Tatishvili, "What is Written in the Military Agreement between Georgia and the US?", Georgian Times, 21 April 2003.
  • 48. V. Vyazmski, "Obedinennie Komandovaniya Vooroshennikh Sil SSHA", Zarobejnoe Voennoe Obozrenie, no: 3, 2003, p. 2-3.
  • 49. A. Ekberg, "GTEP: and then What", AmCham News, no: 2, 2003, p. 20f.
  • 50-"Has the Time come for Russian 'Peacekeepers' to Leave Abkhazia?", Daily News on Russia and the Former Soviet States, 19 April, 2002, p.
  • 51. M. Chitaia & N. Zhvania, "Georgia's National Security is at Stake as Chronic Hunger Fuels Desertion in the Conscript Army", IWPR, 30 April, 2003.
  • 52. T. Tatishvili, "What is Written[...]".
  • 53. İbid..
  • 54Ibid.
  • 55. Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism, Report of the National Commission on Terrorism Pursuant to Public Law 277, 105th Congress, FAS.
  • 56. S. Pifer, "US Policy on Chechnya", Statement Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington, DC, 9 May, 2000.
  • 57. V. Putin, "Russian President Vladimir Putin's Statement on Situation in Pankisi", 11 September, Daily Reports on Russia and the Former Soviet Republics, 12 September, 2002, p 2-3.
  • 58-"Al-Qaeda Presence in Georgia's Pankisi Valley", Daily Reports on Russia and the Former Soviet Republics, 21 October, 2002, p. 3.
  • 59. C.M. Ekedahl & M.A. Goodman The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze, Dulles, Bassey's, 2001, p. 275
  • 60. A. Jaffe, "US Policy Towards the Caspian Region: Can the Wish-list be Realized?", in G. Chufrin (ed.), The Security of the Caspian Region, New York, Oxford University Press/SIPRI, 2001, p. 146
  • 61. D. Suslov & A. Usejnov, "Bush Skolotil Antiiranskoyo Koalitziyo: Dlya Udarov po Tegerano Hamen Ispolzovat Territorii Azerbadjzana I Gruzii", Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 29 May, 2003.
  • 62. "Georgia Denies Talks of Use of Territory for US Attack on Iran", RFE/RL Newsline, 30 May, 2003
  • 63. "Russian Media Tries to Stir up the Caucasus", The Georgian Messenger, 3 June, 2003.
  • 64. Z. Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives, New York, Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.
  • 65. Ibid., p. 48f.
  • 66. Heisbourg, "American Hegemony", p. 13f.
  • 67. S. Oliker & T. Szayna, Faultlines of Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Implications for the US Army, RAND Report MR-1598-A, 2003
  • 68. A.P Dobson, "Dangers of US Interventionism", Review of International Studies, no: 28, 2002, p. 594f.
  • 69. 0'Halloran, "A New U.S. Regional Strategy", p.