Oleik ve Linoleik Ayçiçeği Çeşitlerinde Yabancı Ot Mücadelesi İçin Uygulanan Farklı Aktif Madde İçerikli Herbisitler ve Mekanik Çapalama Yönteminin Agronomik Açıdan Karşılaştırılması

Yabancı otlar ayçiçeğinde ciddi verim kayıpları oluşturmaktadır. Yabancı otlarla mücadelede en çok kullanılan yöntemler herbisit uygulaması ve mekanik aletlerle çapalamadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı aktif madde içeriğine sahip 5 ticari herbisit ile mekanik aletlerle yapılan çapalamanın ayçiçeğinin tane verimi unsurları, tane yağ içeriği ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonlarına etkilerini belirlemektir. Tarla denemeleri 2014 ve 2015 yıllarını kapsayan iki ayçiçeği yetiştirme mevsiminde Türkiye’nin kuzey batısında yer alan Kırklareli ilinin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlı Karamusul Köyünde (Enlem: 40°24’ K, Boylam:27.021 D ve Rakım:46 m) çifti arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada: çıkış sonrası kullanılan imazamox etken maddeli ticari Intervix®Pro herbisiti genetik Clearfield ayçiçeği hibriti çeşitlerine (LG5542CL-yüksek linoleik ve Colombi–yüksek oleik) uygulanmıştır. Ekim öncesi herbisitlerden benfluralin etken maddeli Bonoflan WG, çıkış öncesi herbisitlerden pendimethalin etken maddeli Stomp®Extra, çıkış sonrası kullanılan herbisitlerden aclonifen etken maddeli Challenge600 ve quizalofop-p-ethyl etken maddeli Targa Super ticari herbisitleri ise Clearfield geni taşımayan ayçiçeği hibrit çeşitlerine (P64LL05–yüksek linoleik ve P64H34–yüksek oleik) uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarında; yıl faktörü Clearfield olmayan çeşitlerin bitki boyu, tabla çapı, sap çapı, 1000 tohum ağırlığı, ekimden %50 çiçeklenmeye kadar olan gün sayısı, tane verimi, tane yağ içeriği, oleik ve yağ asitleri içeriğine istatistiki önemli etkiye sahip olurken, Clearfield çeşitlerinde ise bu faktörün bitki boyu, tabla çapı, ekimden çiçeklenmeye kadar olan gün sayısı ve stearik asit üzerine olan etkileri istatistik anlamda önemli bulunmuştur. Genotip ise her iki grup için de tane verimi ve tane ağırlığı haricinde diğer ölçülen tüm verim ve yağ unsurları üzerinde istatistiki anlamda önemli etkiye sahip olmuştur. Intervix®Pro herbisitinin ayçiçeğinin bitki boyunda, sap çapında ve tohumlardaki yağın stearik asit içeriğinde düşüşlere neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Stomp®Extra herbisiti ekimden %50 çiçeklenmeye kadar olan gün sayısını azaltarak erken çiçeklenmeye neden olmuştur. Challenge 600 ticari herbisiti ise 2015 yılında P64H34 çeşidinin tanelerindeki yağ oranının düşürmüştür. Tane verimi açısından Bonaflan WG hariç, herbisit uygulamaları ile mekanik çapalama arasında istatistiki açıdan önemli fark bulunamamıştır. Bonoflan WG ticari herbisitinin ise 2015 yılında P64H34 çeşidinde tane verimi üzerinde istatistiki açıdan önemli ve olumlu etkide bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm herbisit uygulamalarından hasatta elde edilen tane ürünlerinde yapılan pestisit analizlerinde limiti geçen bir değer bulunamamıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; herbisitler, stres koşullarında özellikle çıkış sonrası uygulamalarda ayçiçeğinin agronomik verim ve yağ unsurlarını olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Çapalama, Helianthus annuus, Herbisit, Tohum verimi, Yabancı ot kontrolü, Yağ içeriği

Agronomic Comparisons of Herbicides with Different Active Ingredients and Mechanical Hoeing for Weed Control in Oleic and Linoleic Type Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Hybrids

Weeds cause serious yield losses in sunflower production. The most common methods for weed control are herbicide application and mechanical hoeing. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of five traditional herbicides containing different active ingredients compared with mechanical hoeing for weed control on seed yield components, seed oil content, and fatty acid composition in sunflower. Field experiments were conducted in the sunflower growing seasons of 2014 and 2015 on farmer fields in Karamusul village of Lüleburgaz, Kırklareli, located in the Northwest of Turkey (40°24’ N, 27021 E and elevation 46 m). Pre-plant herbicide Bonoflan WG with benfluralin, pre-emergence herbicide Stomp®Extra with pendimethalin, and post-emergence herbicides Challenge600 with aclonifen and Targa Super with quizalofop-p-ethyl active were applied on non-Clearfield sunflower hybrids (P64LL05–Linoleic and P64H34–High oleic) while post-emergence herbicide Intervix®Pro with imazamox was applied on Clearfield hybrids (LG5542CL-Linoleic and Colombi–High oleic). In the results, the year effects were statistically significant on plant height, head diameter, number of days from planting to 50% flowering, and percentage of stearic acid of Clearfield cultivars while it was significant on plant height, head diameter, stem diameter, 1000 seed weight, number of days from planting to 50% flowering, seed yield, seed oil content, percentage of oleic and linoleic acids of non-Clearfield cultivars. The effect of genotype was significant for all seed yield and oil components except seed weight and seed yield for both groups’ cultivars. Intervix®Pro caused significant decreases in plant height, stem diameter, and percentage of stearic acid. Stomp®Extra decreased the number of days from planting to 50% flowering. Challenge 600 had a negative effect on the seed oil content of P64H34 in 2015. There was no significant difference between herbicide applications and mechanical hoeing for seed yields except for increasing seed yield of P64H34 by Bonaflan WG in 2015. For all herbicide applications, residue in seeds was not exceeded international acceptable limits. According to the results, herbicides especially post-emergence applications under stress conditions can adversely affect agronomic yield and seed oil components in sunflower.

Keywords:

Helianthus annuus, Herbicide, Hoeing, Seed yield, Oil content, Weed control,

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