Absorption differences of Corsican pine and Sıtka spruce treated with tanalith-C

Bu çalışmada, İngiliz yumuşak ağaç türlerinden Korsika çamı {Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville) ve Sitka ladini {Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) türlerinin koruyucu sıvı içerme düzeyleri dolu hücre yöntemiyle yapılan aynı koruma koşulları (5 dakika 640 mmHg vakum ve 5 dakika 6 bar basınç) ile (i) diri odun ve öz odunu ve (ii) Uç farklı anatomik geçirgenlik yönü bağlamında araştırıldı. Geçirgenlik özellikleri ağaç malzeme boşluk hacminin tanalith-C tarafından doldurulma yüzdesi gözönüne alınarak aşağıdaki gibi sıralandı: (i) İki ağaç türünün diri odunu ile öz odunu arasında koruyucu sıvı içerme düzeyi bakımından oldukça önemli farklılığın olduğu görüldü. Korsika çamı'nın Sitka ladini'ne göre daha fazla geçirgen olduğu belirlenirken koruyucu sıvı içerme düzeyinin her iki türde de öz odununa göre diri odunda daha yüksek olduğu saptandı, (ii) Her iki ağaç türünde de üç farklı anatomik sıvı akma yönü arasında oldukça önemli farklılığın olduğu görüldü. Sıvı akma yönlerine göre yapılan koruyucu sıvı içerme düzeyi sıralaması her iki türde de çoktan aza doğru boyuna>teğet>radyal şeklinde belirlendi. Buna ek olarak, her yön için yapılan karşılaştırmada Korsika çamı'nın koruyucu sıvı içerme düzeyi bakımından Sitka ladini'ne göre daha yüksek olduğu saptandı.

Tanalith-C ile korunmuş Korsika çamı ve Sitka ladini türlerinin içerme farklılıkları

Absorption differences of the two British softwood species, Corsican pine {Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville) and Sitka spruce {Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), were examined on the basis of (i) sapwood and heartwood, and (ii) the three structural directions of sapwood under the same treatment condition of the full-cell process (i.e. 640 mmHg vacuum and 6 bar pressure for 5 minutes). Accordingly, conclusions on indication of the flow characteristics are listed separately for the general purpose of the work on account of the percentage of void volume filled by tanalith-C: (i) Significant differences between the two species within a set of triple flow on sapwood and heartwood. The penetration of sapwood was much greater than that of heartwood, although Corsican pine was more readily treated according to Sitka spruce in either zones, (ii) Very highly significant differences among the three structural directions in both species showing the descending order of the fluid absorption as longitudinal>tangential>radial, although in that any cases Corsican pine was much more permeable than in Sitka spruce.

___

1. Kandeel, E. S. A. E., Bensend, D. W., “Structure, density, and shrinkage variation within a silver maple tree”, Wood Science, Vol 1, pp.227-237, 1969.

2. Panshin, A. J., De Zeeuw, C., Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th edition, MacGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 643 pp., 1980.

3. Zobel, B. J., Van Bujitenen, J. P., Wood Variation: its causes and control, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 363 pp., 1989.

4. Wilson, K., White, D. J. B., The Anatomy of Wood: its diversity and variability, Stobart & Son Ltd., London, 309 pp., 1986.

5. Smith, D. N., Lee, E., The longitudinal permeability of some hardwoods and softwoods, Forest Products Research Special Report 13, HMSO, London, 45pp., 1958.

6. Dinwoodie, J. M., Timber: its structure, properties and utilisation, 6th edition, MacMillan Press Ltd., London, 410 pp., 1981.

7. Comstock. G. L., W. A. Cote, J. R., “Factors affecting permeability and pit aspiration in coniferous wood”, Wood Science and Technology, Vol 2, No 4, pp.279-291, 1968.

8. Erickson, H. D., “Permeability of southern pine wood - A review”, Wood Science, Vol 2, No 3, pp.149- 158, 1970.

9. Siau, J. F., Transport Processes in Wood, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 245 pp., 1984.

10. Comstock, G. L., “Directional Permeability of Softwoods”, Wood and Fiber, Vol 1, No 4, pp.283-289, 1970.

11. Banks, W. B., “Some factors affecting the permeability of Scots pine and Norway spruce”, Journal of Institution Wood Science, Vol 5, No 1, pp.10-17, 1970.

12. BS 4072, “Wood preservation by means of copper/chromium/arsenic compositions, Part 1: Specification for preservatives”, British Standards Institution, London, 1987.

13. Wood Preservatives: application methods, Building Research Establishment Digest, No: 201, 1977.

14. Timber Preservation, 3rd edition, Timber Research and Development Association, High Wycombe, 51 pp., 1986.

15. Kumar, S., Morrell, J. J., “Moisture content of western hemlock: influence on treatability with chromated copper arsenate Type C”, Holzforschung, Vol 43, No 4, pp.279-280, 1989.

16. Usta, I., The fffects of seed origin, site on the amenability of Sitka spruce to preservative treatment by vacuum-pressure processes, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, Bangor, 285 pp., 1997.

17. Phillips, E. W. J., “Movement of the pit membrane in coniferous woods, with special reference to preservative treatment”, Forestry, Vol 7, pp.109-120, 1933.

18. Wilkinson, J. G., Industrial Timber Preservation, Associated Business Press, London, 532 pp., 1979.

19. Liese, W., Bauch, J., “On the Closure of Bordered Pits in Conifers”, Wood Science and Technology, Vol 1, No 1, pp.1-13, 1967.

20. Bailey, P. J., Preston, R. D., “Some aspects of softwood permeability (II)”, Holzforschung, Vol 24, No 2, pp.37-45, 1970.

21. Eaton, R. A., Hale, M. D. C., Wood: decay, pests and protection, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 546 pp., 1993.

22. Krahmer, R. L., Cote, W. A., “Changes in coniferous wood cells associated with heartwood formation”, Tappi, Vol 46, No 1, pp.42-49, 1963.

23. Baines, E. F., Saur, J. M., “Preservative treatment of spruce and other refractory wood”, Proceedings: American Wood Preservation Association, Vol 81, pp.136-147, 1985.

24. Nicholas, D. D., “Characteristics of preservative solutions which influence their penetration into wood”, Forest products Journal, Vol 22, No 5, pp.31-36, 1982.

25. Fleischer, H. O., “An anatomical comparison of refractory and easily treated Douglas-fir heartwood”, Proceedings: American Wood Preservation Association, Vol 46, pp.152-157, 1950.

26. Baines, E. F., “The current status of commercial waterborne preservative treatment of spruce”, Proceedings: British Wood Preservation Association, pp.14-26, 1986.

27. Behr, E. A., Sachs, I. B., Kukachka, B. F., Blew, J. O., “Microscopic examination of Pressure-treated wood”, Forest Products Journal, Vol 19, No 8, pp.31-40, 1969.

28. Petty, J. A., The Relation of Wood Structure to Preservative Treatment: the wood we grow, Society of Forestry Britain, University Press, Oxford, pp.29-35, 1970.

29. Siau, J. F., “The Effects of Specimen Length and Impregnation Time Upon the Retention of Oils in Wood”, Wood Science, Vol 4, No 3, pp.163-170, 1972.

30. Bailey, P. J., “Some studies on the permeability of wood in relation to timber preservation”, Proceedings: British Wood Preservation Association, Vol 2, pp.31-66, 1965.

31. Bolton, A. J., Petty, J. A., “Influence of critical point and solvent exchange drying on the gas permeability of conifer sapwood”, Wood Science, Vol 9, No 4, pp.187-193, 1977.

32. Kuroda, N., Siau. J. F., “Evidence of non-linear flow in softwoods from wood permeability measurements”, Wood and Fiber Science, Vol 20, No 1, pp.162-169, 1988.

33. Comstock, G. L., “Longitudinal Permeability of Wood to Gases and Non Swelling Liquids”, Forest Products Journal, Vol 17, No 10, pp.41-46, 1967.

34. Petty, J. A., Preston, R. D., “Electron probe microanalysis of metals in cell walls of conifer wood treated with preservatives”, Holzforschung, Vol 22, pp.174-177, 1968.

35. Keith, C. T., Chauret. G., “Anatomical studies of CCA penetration associated with conventional (tooth) and with micro (needle) incising”, Wood and Fiber Science, Vol 20, No 2, pp.197-208, 1988.

36. Siau, J. F., Flow in Wood, Syracuse University Press, London, 131 pp., 1971.

37. Flynn, K. A., “A review of the permeability, fluid flow, and anatomy of spruce (Picea spp.)”, Wood and Fiber Science, Vol 27, No 3, pp.278-284, 1995.

38. Sjostrom, E., Wood Chemistry: fundamentals and applications, 2nd edition, Academic Press Inc., London, 293pp., 1993.

39. Kollmann, F. F. P., Cote, W. A., Principles of Wood Science and Technology: (I) solid wood, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 592 pp., 1968.

40. Liese, W., Bauch, J., “Longitudinal permeability of green Silver-fir and Norway Spruce sapwood to organic solvents”, Holzforschung, Vol 20, No 6, pp.169-174, 1966.

41. McQuire, A. J., Radial permeability of timber, PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 123 pp., 1970.