İsmail ÇELİK, M. Murat TURGUT, Bereket Zeliha BARUT

Buğday tarımında farklı toprak işleme sistemlerinin toprağı bazı fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi

Bu çalışmada, Çukurova koşullarında buğday tarımında uygulanan geleneksel toprak işleme ve buna alternatif olabilecek korumalı toprak işleme sistemlerinin, bazı toprak özelliklerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Kil bünyeli bir toprakta 2006-2009 yılları arasında sürdürülen bu çalışmada, geleneksel toprak işleme (GT), azaltılmış toprak işleme (AT) ve doğrudan ekim (DE) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bağımsız değişken olarak toprağın hacim ağırlığı, penetrasyon direnci, hidrolik iletkenlik ve gözeneklilik parametreleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, geleneksel toprak işleme sistemleri korumalı işleme sistemlerine göre toprakların gözeneklik değerlerini arttırmıştır. Toplam gözeneklik değerlerinde geleneksel toprak işlemede %12-23, azaltılmış toprak işlemede %10 artış görülürken doğrudan ekimde %4-6 oranında azalma belirlenmiştir. Yöntemlerin hacim ağırlığı 0-10 cm'lik toprak katmanında artış göstermiş olup alt katmanlarda ise doğrudan ekim dışında diğer yöntemlerde azalma saptanmıştır. Hidrolik iletkenlik değerleri geleneksel ve azaltılmış toprak işleme sistemlerinde toprağın üst katmanlarında artış gösterirken, toprağın alt katmanları ve doğrudan ekimde azalma göstermiştir. Geleneksel işleme sistemlerine göre korumalı işleme sistemleri penetrasyon direncini önemli oranda arttırmış ve toprak sıkışmasına neden olmuştur. Penetrasyon direnci 0-45 cm derinlikte AT> DE>GT şeklinde bir sıralama izlemiştir.

Effect of different tillage methods on some physical properties of the soil in wheat production

In this study conducted in Çukurova Region, conventional tillage and alternative conservation tillage systems for wheat have been compared in terms of their effects on soil. The conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and direct seeding (DS) method were used in the study which was conducted in 2006-2009. The bulk density, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity and porosity were taken as independent variable. The results indicated that porosities of soils tilled with conventional methods were greater than that of conservational methods. The total porosity values of soils increased 12-23% in conventional tillage, 10% in reduced tillage, while decreasing 4-6% in no-tillage. There was an increase on bulk density in all tillage systems in 0-10 cm depth of the soil, but there was a decrease in deeper layers in all tillage systems except direct seeding. Hydraulic conductivity increased in top layers of the soil in conventional tillage and conservation tillage systems but decreased in deeper layers and in direct seeding method. The penetration resistance was significantly higher in conservation tillage system and this caused soil compaction. Penetration resistance was ranged as RT>DS>CT randomly.

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