İktisatın Unutulmuş Çocuğu: Tarım Sektörü ve Tarımın Orta Doğu’daki Geleceği

Amaç: Bu yazıda, gün geçtikçe daha fazla önem kazanan gıda güvencesi ve tarım sektöründe sürdürülebilirlik konularını Orta Doğu bölgesi üzerinden inceleyerek ele alıyoruz. Tasarım/Metodoloji/Yaklaşım: Çalışmamızda Mısır, Lübnan ve Türkiye’nin tarım sektöründeki kırılganlıklar ve gıda güvencesi risklerini incelerken, tarım politikalarına ve bu politikaların ekonomi açısından ne gibi etkilere sebep olduğunu kısaca ele almaya çalışıyoruz. Bulgular: 1980’lerde başlayan liberalizm akımıyla uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerde ve ülkelerin bireysel politikalarında değişimler görülmüş, ekonomide kamu sektörünün rolü ve devlet müdahaleciliği oldukça azaltılmış, piyasa odaklı bir düzen mekanizması izlenmiştir. Neoliberalist düşünürlerin iddialarının aksine, bu durum gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarım sektörleri ve üretimleri üstünde pozitif etkilere yol açmamıştır. Ticarette de liberalleşme ile gıda ürünlerinde ve/veya tarımsal girdilerde ithalata bağımlılık ortaya çıkmıştır. Mısır’da tarımsal üretimin yurt içi talebi karşılamakta yetersiz kalması, ekonominin bu talebi ithalatla karşılamak için yeterince güçlü olmaması, politik dengesizliklerin beraberinde getirdiği verimsiz tarım politikaları gıda güvencesini tehlikeye sokmaktadır. Lübnan’ın da iklimsel ve coğrafik kısıtlamalar sonucu yaşadığı tarımsal üretim sıkıntıları, ekonomik yetersizlik, çarpık kentleşme ve etkin olmayan devlet politikaları, ülkenin gıda güvencesi açısından sorun yaşamasına sebep olmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise özellikle son yıllarda devletin önemli tarım kurumlarını özelleştirmeye gitmesi, çiftçilere verilen desteklerin ve tarımsal politikalarının yetersizliği sonucunda potansiyelinin altında performans gösterdiğini görüyoruz. Dünyanın yaşadığı zor dönemi de göz önüne aldığımızda Mısır, Lübnan ve Türkiye’de gıda güvencesinin ve tarımsal üretimin, kapsamlı tarımsal politikalar aracılığıyla iyileştirilmesi bir zorunluluk olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özgünlük/Değer: Bu çalışmamızda Mısır, Lübnan ve Türkiye’nin tarım sektörlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizini yaparak özellikle Orta Doğu’da önemi gittikçe artan gıda güvencesi meselesine dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktayız.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gıda Güvenliği, Tarım Politikaları, Mısır, Lübnan, Türkiye

The Neglected Child of the Economy: Agricultural Sector and Its Future in the Middle East

Purpose: We are exploring the topics of food security and agricultural production by taking a closer look at the Middle East region. Design/Methodology/Approach: We will examine the vulnerabilities in the agricultural sector and food security in Egypt, Lebanon and Turkey. Findings: Starting in the 1980s, the shift to liberalism on economic thinking has transformed the international economic relationships, trade and individual policies. Liberalization of international trade created import-dependency in some foodstuffs and agricultural inputs. The lack of agricultural production to cover for the demand, the fragility of the Egyptian economy to afford the import of demanded food supply and political instabilities that brings inefficient government policies for agriculture cause Egypt’s food insecurity problems. Lebanon’s agricultural production deficits due to geographical, climatic constraints, economic crisis, unplanned urbanization, inefficient agricultural policies create food insecurity problems. In Turkey, the privatizations of agricultural organizations, the decreased amount of support and education given to farmers, inefficient government policies lead to agricultural sector not performing at its maximum potential. Considering the rough period the World is going through with a pandemic and the continuing effects of climate change, the risk of food insecurity, food production shortages in Egypt, Lebanon and Turkey is very high and it should be addressed by the governments with proper, effective policy changes and interventions. Originality/Value: In this article, our main purpose is to draw attention to food security, which is becoming an important problem especially in the Middle East, by comparing agricultural sectors in Egypt, Lebanon and Turkey.

Keywords:

Food Security, Agricultural Policies, Egypt, Lebanon, Turkey,

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