Distribution of rhizomania disease in sugar beet growing areas of Turkey

Rhizomania, şeker pancarının en zararlı hastalıklarından biridir. Hastalık, enfeksiyon şiddetine bağlı olarak, şeker pancarında % 90’a varan kök verimi ve % 70’e varan şeker verimi kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. Türkiye’de Marmara, Orta Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu’nun bazı bölgelerinde hastalığın varlığı rapor edilmiş ve hastalık, dünyada olduğu gibi diğer bölgelere giderek yayılmaktadır. Bu hastalığa pancar nekrotik sarı damar virüsü (BNYVV) yol açmakta ve Polymyxa betae fungusu vektörlük etmektedir. Yayılma esas olarak, bulaşık toprak veya şeker pancarının taşınmasıyla olmaktadır. Hastalığın mücadelesi, bulaşık ekim alanlarında yalnızca kültürel tedbirler alınarak yapılmaktadır. Günümüzde, en etkili kontrol tedbiri, kısmen dayanıklı şeker pancarı çeşitlerini kullanmaktır. Soğuk topraklara erken ekim, aşırı sulamanın azaltılması, toprak sıkışmasından kaçınılması ve münavebe uygulaması gibi yardımcı tedbirler topraktaki virus seviyesini düşürebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bulaşık alanların büyük ekonomik kayıplara yol açmadan tespit edilmesi ve kültürel tedbirlerin alınması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Üç yıllık münavebe uygulamasına göre, 1996-1998, 1999-2001 ve 2002-2004 yıllarında olmak üzere, üçer yıllık üç dönem halinde 17 şeker fabrikasının 102 bölgesinin şeker pancarı ekim alanlarında sürveyler yapılarak, şeker pancarı kök örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bu örnekler DAS-ELISA ile test edilmiş ve BNYVV’nin yaygınlığı belirlenmiştir. Buna gore, 1996-1998 döneminde 4 fabrikada toplam % 19.30 (46200 ha), 1999-2001 döneminde 9 fabrikada % 31.42 (94140 ha) ve 2002-2004 döneminde 15 fabrikada % 48.66 (203640 ha) Rhizomania yaygınlığı tespit edilmiştir.

Türkiye’de şeker pancarı ekim alanlarında rhizomania Hastalığının yayılma durumu

Rhizomania is one of the most destructive diseases affecting sugar beet. It leads to a severe loss in terms of root yield and sugar content up to 90 % and up to 70 % respectively, depending on the disease severity. It was reported in some regions of Marmara, Central Black Sea, and Central Anatolia and tends to spread in other regions in Turkey. The disease is caused by Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Benyvirus (BNYVV) and transmitted by a fungus, Polymyxa betae. The primary source of its spread is through the movement of infested soils or beets. Only cultural control methods are employed to control this disease. At present, the most effective control measure is to use of partially resistant sugar beet cultivars. The other additional measures like planting early into cool soils, minimizing watering, avoiding soil compaction, and employing crop rotations can reduce levels of the virus in the soil. Therefore, it is essential to determine the infested areas and take cultural measures before the disease causes economically important yield losses. Based on a three-year crop rotation, surveys were conducted and sugar beet root samples were collected from the growing areas in 102 regions of 17 sugar factory boundaries and in three periods including 1996-1998, 1999-2001 and 2002-2004. These root samples were tested by means of DAS-ELISA and distribution of BNYVV was determined. Rhizomania was detected in the sugar beet production areas of 4, 9 and 15 sugar factories in 1996-1998 1999-2001, and 2002- 2004 at the rates of 19.30% (46200 ha), 31.42% (94140 ha), and 48.66% (203640 ha), respectively.

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