Bir İngiliz Oryantalistin Portresi: Edward William Lane (1801-1876)

Napolyon Bonapart’ın 1798’deki işgali Mısır’ı oryantalizmin temalarından biri haline getirdi ve Avrupa’da “Piramitler Diyarı”na yönelik merak ve seyahatleri tetikledi. Bonapart'dan 27 yıl sonra genç bir İngiliz, Edward Willian Lane (1801- 1876) uzun bir gemi yolculuğundan sonra Temmuz 1825'de Mısır'a gelerek, Kahire'de sıradan Mısırlıların arasında yaşamayı tercih etti. Mısır’a farklı zamanlarda gerçekleştirdiği üç seyahatinin neticesinde eserlerini kaleme almıştır. Eski ve modern Mısır’ın büyük kısmını dolaşan Lane gözlemlerini, halkın inanç, dil, örf ve adetlerini Description of Egypt, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptian, Binbir Gece Masalları ve Arapçaİngilizce Sözlük gibi geniş çapta okunan eserlerde kaydetti. Mısır’a ilk gelişinde Antik Mısır’a dair çalışmalar yaparken, zamanla dikkatini çağdaşı Mısırlıların dil ve kültürleri çekmişti. Bir oryantalist olarak Lane’nin çalışmalarının hususiyeti, “bilimsel” bir yaklaşımla Mısır ve Mısırlıları anlatmaya çalışmasıydı. Bu makale bir şarkiyatçı olarak Edward William Lane’nin Mısır tetkikleri içindeki yerini muhtelif boyutlarıyla incelemeye çalışacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Edward William Lane, Mısır, Kahire, Oryantalizm

Portrait of a British Orientalist: Edward William Lane (1801-1876)

Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion in 1798 made Egypt one of the themes of orientalism and sparked curiosity and travels towards the "Land of the Pyramids" in Europe. 27 years after Bonaparte, a young Englishman Edward William Lane (1801-1876) arrived in Alexandria in July 1825 after a long cruise. He preferred to live among ordinary Egyptians in Cairo. Edward William Lane wrote his works as a result of his three trips to Egypt at different times. Traveling through much of ancient and modern Egypt Lane immersed himself in a contemporary Egyptian lifestyle and described it vividly. He recorded his observations, beliefs, languages, customs and traditions of the people in his works such as Description of Egypt, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptian, Thousand and One Nights, Selections from Kur’ân and also Arabic-English Lexicon. During his first visit to Egypt, while working on Ancient Egypt, in time he was interested in Arabic and culture of the contemporary Egyptians, their daily lives and customs. At this point, the specialty of Lane's works as a orientalist was to explain Egypt and Egyptians with a “scientific” eye. This article will examine Edward William Lane's place in Egyptian studies in various dimensions as an Orientalist.

Keywords:

Edward William Lane, Egypt, Cairo, Orientalism,

PDF

___

Abdel-Malek, Anouar, “Orientalism in Crisis”, Diogene, 11, 44, 1963, s. 103–140.
Ahmed, Leila, Edward William Lane, A Study of his Life and Works and of British Ideas of the Middle East in the Nineteenth Century, Longman, London 1978.
Abu-Lughod, Janet, Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious, Princ¬eton University Press, Princeton 1971.
Akpınar, Turgut, “Golius, Jacobus”, DİA, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/golius-jacobus (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2020).
Aliakbari, Rasoul, “The Arabian Nights in the English Popular Press and the Heterogenization of Nationhood: A Print Cultural Approach to Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities”, Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, 43, 3, 2016, s. 439-460.
Alsayyad, Nezar, Cairo: Histories of a City, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2011.
Aoyagi, Etsuko, “Repetitiveness in the Arabian Nights: Openness as Self-foundation”, The Arabian Nights and Orientalism, Perspectives from East and West, ed. Yuriko Yamanaka, Tetsuo Nishio, I. B. Tauris, London 2006, s. 68-92.
Arberry, Arthur John, British Orientalists, William Collins, London 1943.
Arberry, Arthur John, Oriental Essays: Portraits of Seven Scholars, Allen and Unwin, London 1960.
Bilgenoğlu, Ali- Çiftçi Selahattin Ertürk, “Bir Batılı seyyahın Hatıralarında Oryantalizm’in İzlerini Sürmek: Edward William Lane’in Gözünden 19. Yüzyıl Mısır Toplumu ve Kültürü”, Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 11, 36, 2018, s. 43-62.
Bowring, John, Report on Egypt and Candia Adressed to the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Palmerston, Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, W. Clowes and Sons, London 1840.
Burchardt, John Lewis, The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, London.
Burton, Sir Richard. Pointed Out the Unfairness of this in His Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, 2. New York 1855.
Burton, Richard F., Binbir Gece Masalları, Babil Kitaplığı haz. Jorge Luis Borges, çev. Gülgün Bayata, Kırmızı Kedi Yay., İstanbul 2015.
Carne, John, Recollections of Travels in the East, London 1830.
Damiani, Anita, Enlightened Observers, British Travellers to the Near East 1715-1855, American Univ. of Beirut, Beyrut 1979.
Davies, Richard A., Inventing Sam Slick: A Biography of Thomas Chandler Haliburton, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2005.
Durmuş, İsmail, “Zebîdî, Muhammed Murtazâ”, DİA, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/zebidi-muhammed-murtaza (12.04.2020). Elwood, Anne Katherine, Narrative of a Journey Overland from England, 1-2, London 1830.
Farouk Ahmed, Heba, Pre-Colonial Modernity: The State and the Making of Nineteenth-Century Cairo’s Urban Form, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Univer¬sity of California, Berkeley 2001.
Fleischers, “Edward William Lane, 10 August 1876”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 30, 3, 1876, s. 612-616.
Goldziher, I., “Al-Dasûkî, Al-Sayyid İbrahim b. İbrahim”, EI2, 2, 2012, s. 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1735 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.4.2020)
Fahmy, Ziad, Ordinary Egyptians, Creating the Modern Nation Through Popular Culture, Stanford University Press, Stanford 2011.
Goldschmidt Jr., Arthur, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, Scarecrow Press, Plymouth 2013.
Hachicho, Mohamad Ali, “English Travel Books about the Arab Near East in the Eighteenth Century”, Die Welt des Islams, 9, 1/4, 1964, s. 1-206.
Halls, J. J., The Life and Correspondence of Henry Salt ESQ. FRS. His Britannic Majesty’s Late Consul General in Egypt, 2, Richard Bentley, London 1834.
Harlow, Barbara, “Cairo Curiosities: E. W. Lane's Account and Ahmad Amin's Dictionary”, Journal of the History of Ideas, 46, 2, 1985, s. 279-286.
Hay, Robert, Illistrutation of Cairo, Tilt and Bogue, London 1840.
Hetworth-Dunne, J., “Printing and Translations under Muhammad Ali of Egypt: The Foundation of Modern Arabic”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1940, s. 325-349.
Holt Yates, William, The Modern History and Condition of Egypt, 1-2, London 1843.
Irwin, Robert, The Arabian Nights: A Companion, I. B. Tauris, London 2004.
Irwin, Robert, “Political Thought in the Thousand and One Nights”, The Arabian Nights in Transnational Perspective, ed. Ulrich Marzolph, Wayne State UP, 2007, s. 103-119.
Irwin, Robert, Oryantalistler ve Düşmanları, çev. Bahar Tırnakcı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2008.
Irwin, Robert, “The Arabian Nights and the Origins of the Western Novel”, Scheherazade’s Children: Global Encounters with the Arabian Nights, ed: Marina Warner and Philip Kennedy, New York 2013, s. 143-153.
Kılıç, Hulusi. “El-Kāmûsü’l-Muhît”, DİA, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/el-kamusul-muhit (12.04.2020).
Kopraman, Kâzım Yaşar, “Ali Paşa Mübârek”, DİA, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ali-pasa-mubarek (28.03.2020)
Krek, Miroslav, “E. W. Lane's Working Copy of His Lexicon”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 89, 2, 1969, s. 419-420.
Kudsieh, Suha, “Beyond Colonial Binaries Amicable Ties among Egyptian and European Scholars 1820-1850”, Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, 36, 2016, s. 44-68.
Lane, E. W., “Ueber die Lexicographie der arabischen Sprache”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 3, 1, 1849, s. 90-108.
Lane, E. W., “Ueber die Aussprache der arabischen Vocale und die Bctonunng der arabischen Wörter”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 4, 2, 1850, s. 171-186.
Lane, E. W., Arabic-English Lexicon, Willams & Norgate, London 1863.
Lane, E. W., The Thousand and One Nights: Commonly Called, in England, The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, c. 1, Routledge, London 1865.
Lane, E. W., Selections from the Kur’ân, Houghton, Osgood and Company, Boston 1879.
Lane. E. W., Description of Egypt, Ed. Jason Thompson, American University in Cairo, Cairo 2000.
Lane Pool, Sophia, The English Women in Egypt: Latters form Cairo, Written during a Residence There in 1845-46 with E. W. Lane, Charles Knight and Co. London 1846.
Lane-Poole, Stanley, The story of Cairo, J. M. Dent Co., London 1906.
Lane-Poole, Stanley, Life of Edward William Lane, Williams and Norgate, London 1877.
Madden, R., Travels in Turkey, Egypt, and Palestine in 1824,1825,1826, 1827, 1-2, London 1829.
Madox, John, Excursions in the Holy Land, Egypt, Nubia, Syria, 1-2, London 1834.
Mahmoud, Shadia, “Nationalization and Personalization of the Egyptian Antiquities: Henry Salt a British General Consul in Egypt 1816 to 1827”, International Journal of Culture and History, 3, 2, 2016, s. 29-43.
Manley, Deborah, The Nile A Traveller’s Anthology, Cassell, London 1996.
Manley, Deborah- Peta Rée, Henry Salt: Artist, Traveller, Diplomat, Egyptologist, Libri Publications Ltd., London 2001.
Marzolph, Ulrich, “The Arabian Nights in Comparative Folk Narrative Research”, The Arabian Nights and Orientalism, Perspectives from East and West, ed. Yuriko Yamanaka, Tetsuo Nishio, I. B. Tauris, London, 2006, s. 3-24.
McGilchrist, John, The Life and Career of Henry Lord Brougham, Cassell, Petter and Galpin, London 1868.
Mitchell, Timothy, Mısır’ın Sömürgeleştirilmesi, çev. Zeynep Altok, İletişim Yay., İstanbul 2001.
Porter, Dennis, Haunted Journeys: Desire and Transgression in European Travel Writing, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton 1991.
Rodenbeck, John, “Edward Said and Edward William Lane”, Travellers in Egypt, ed. Paul Starkey, Janet Starkey, I. B. Tauris, London 1998, s. 233-243.
Roper, Geoffrey, “Texts from Nineteenth Century Egypt: The Role of E. W. Lane”, Travellers in Egypt, ed. Paul Starkey, Janet Starkey, I. B. Tauris, London, 1998, s. 244- 254.
Sadgrove Philip Charles-İsmail Durmuş, Lane, Edward William”, DİA, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/lane-edward-william (06.03.2020).
Said, Edward W. Şarkiyatçılık Batı’nın Şark Anlayışları, çev. Berna Ülner, Metis Yay., İstanbul 2001.
Schacker-Mill, Jennifer, “Otherness and Otherworldliness: Edward W. Lane's Ethnographic Treatment of The Arabian Nights”, The Journal of American Folklore, 113, 448, 2000, s. 164-184.
Searight, Sarah, The British in the Middle East, Elton Press, London 1979.
Waldron-Grutz, Jane, “The Lost Portfolios of Robert Hay” Saudi Aramco World, 54, 2, 2003, s. 2-11.
Sherer, Joseph Moyle, Scenes and Impressions in Egypt and in Italy, London 1824.
Starr, Deborah A., “Sensing the City: Representations of Cairo's Harat al-Yahud”, Prooftexts, 26, 1-2, 2006, s. 138-162.
Thompson, Jason, “Osman Effendi: A Scottish Convert to Islam in Early Nineteenth-Century Egypt”, Journal of World History, 5, 1, 1994, s. 99-123.
Thompson, Jason, “‘Of The 'Osma'nlees, Or Turks’: An Unpublished Chapter from Edward William Lane's Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians”, Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 19, 2, 1995, s. 19-39.
Thompson, Jason, “Edward William Lane's ‘Description of Egypt’”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28, 4, 1996, s. 565-583.
Thomson, Jason, “Small Latin And Less Greek: Expurgated Passages From Edward Williamlane's ‘An Account Of The Manners And Customs Of The Modern Egyptians’”, Quaderni di Studi Arabi, 1, 2006, s. 7-28.
Thomson, Jason, A Catalogue of the Edward William Lane Collection in the Griffith Institute, Oxford, http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4lane.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
Thompson, Jason, Sir Gardner Wilkinson and His Circle, University of Texas Press, Texas 2013.
Tibawi, Abdul Latif, English-Speaking Orientalists A Critique of Their Approach to Islam and Arab Nationalism, Islamic Centre, Geneva 1965.
Tülücü, Süleyman “el-Müzhir”, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/el-muzhir (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020)
Verzeichniss der Mitglieder der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 2, 4, 1848, s. 505-515.