Selçuk KAYA, EMEL SESLİ ÇETİN, Salih ARIKAN, Tülay TETİK, Hasan KESBİÇ, SULHATTİN YAŞAR

Tavuklardan izole edilen E.coli, klebsiella ve enterokoklarda antibiotik duyarlılık durumları

İnsanlarda olduğu kadar hayvanlarda da hem infeksiyonlarda tedavi hem de büyümeyi desteklemesi amacıyla antimikrobiyal ajanların kullanımının artışı sonucu ortaya çıkan dirençli genler, antibiyotik dirençli suşların seçilmesine neden olmuştur. Tavuk intestinal sisteminde bulunan dirençli bakterilerin yakın temas sonucu çiftlik çalışanlarına bulaşabileceği gibi hayvanların dokuları ile kesim sırasında direk temasla ve et ve et ürünlerini kontamine ederek, besin yoluyla da bulaşabileceği bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada tavukların intestinal florasındaki E.coli, klebsiella ve enterokokların antibiyotik duyarlılık durumlarının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmaya 3 aylık 80 adet tavuk dahil edildi. Tavukların çekum içeriğinden alınan numuneler Kanlı-EMB ve enterokokal besiyerlerine ekildi. E.coli, klebsiella ve enterokok olarak tanımlanan bakterilere CLSI kriterlerine uygun olarak antibiyogram yapıldı. Tavuk intestinal sisteminden identifiye edilen 80 E. E.coli ve klebsiella suşlarında genişlemiş spektrumlu betalaktamaz tespit edilmemiş ve bazı antibiyotikler için duyarlılık oranları tabloda verilmiştir. Enterokoklarda penisilin direnci sadece bir suşta varken vankomisin ve teikoplanine direnç tespit edilmemiş, %17,5’inde yüksek düzey aminoglikozid direncine rastlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak tavukların intestinal florasındaki E.coli, klebsiella ve enterokoklarda bölgemiz açısından değerlendirildiğinde şimdilik antimikrobiyal direnç probleminin söz konusu olmadığını söyleyebiliriz.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Klebsiella, Kümes hayvanları, İlaç direnci, Enterococcus, Anti-bakteriyel ajanlar, Tavuklar, Escherichia coli, Mikrobiyal duyarlılık testleri

The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E.coli, klebsiella and enterococcus species isolated from chickens

Antimicrobial use, both in humans for therapeutic purposes and in animals for treatment and control of infections and for growth promotion can select resistant genes and lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Antibiotic-resistant strains of chicken intestinal system can spread to farmers by close contact with animals, direct contact with animals’ tissues during slaughtering, or by ingestion of contaminated meats and meat products. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E.coli, klebsiella and enterococcus species isolated from intestinal flora of chickens. Three months old 80 chickens were included in the study. The specimens obtained from chickens’ caecum were inoculated on to 5% sheep blood agar, Eosine Methylen Blue agar and enterococcal agar. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of E.coli, klebsiella and enterococcus species were performed according to CLSI criteria. None of the 80 E.coli and klebsiella species isolated from chicken intestinal system showed extanded spectrum beta lactamase activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility rates of these isolates to some antimicrobials are given on table 1. Penicilline resistance was detected in only one of the 80 enterococcus species, none of them showed resistance to vancomycin or teicoplanin and 17,5% of them were detected as resistant to high level aminoglycosides. In conclusion, we can say that there is no antimicrobial resistance problem in the intestinal E.coli, klebsiella and enterococcus isolates of chickens for our region at the present time.

Keywords:

Klebsiella, Poultry, Drug Resistance, Enterococcus, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Chickens, Escherichia coli, Microbial Sensitivity Tests,

PDF

___

1. Chaslus-Dancla E, Lafont JP, Guillot JF. Inc groups among plasmids harbored by Escherichia coli of avian origin. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1980; 131(2):203-6.
2. Kim SH, Wei CI, Tzou YM, An H. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from farm environments and retail products in Oklahoma. J Food Prot. 2005;68(10):2022-9.
3. Van den Bogaard AE, Stobberingh EE. Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics links between animals and humans. Int. J Antimic Agent 2000;14(4):327-335.
4. Witte W. Selective pressure by antibiotic use in livestock. Int. J Antimic Agent 2001;16(1):19-24.
5. S.B. Levy, G.B. Fitzgerald and A.B. Macone. Spread to antibiotic resistance plasmids from chicken to chicken and from chicken to man. Nature 1976; 260:40-2.
6. A.H. Linton, K. Howe, P.M. Bennet and M.H. Richmond, The colonization of the human gut by antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from chickens. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1977;43: 465-9.
7. M. Arthur and P. Courvalin. Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993; 37:1563-71.
8. Aarestrup FM. Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms. Microb Drug Resist. 1995;1(3):255-7.
9. Clinical and Laboratory Standars Institute. Antimikrobik Duyarlılık testleri için uygulama standartları; Onbeşinci bilgi eki. Çeviri editörü: Deniz Gür. Türk Mikrobiyoloji CemiyetiYayını. Ankara (Ocak 2005).
10. Schwartz T, Kohnen W, Jansen B, Obst U. Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2003;43: 325-35.
11. McDonald LC, Kuehnert MJ, Tenover FC, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci outside the health- care setting: prevalence, sources, and public health implications. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1997;3: 311-7.
12. Bezanson GS, Khakhria R and Bollegraaf E. Nosocomial outbreak caused by antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium acquired from dairy cattle. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1983;128:426-7.
13. Holmberg SD, Osterholm MT, Senger KA, et al. Drug resistant Salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials. New Engl. J. Med. 1984;311: 617-22.
14. Spika JS, Waterman SH, Hoo GW et al. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms. A major persisting source of human salmonellosis in California. New Engl. J. Med. 1987;316 (10):565-70.
15.Van den Bogaard AE, London N, Driessen C, et al. Fluoroquinolone usage in animals and resistance in human faecal E. coli. Proceedings of the 37th ICAAC Conference. Toronto, 1997, C-137
16. Nijsten R, London N, van den Bogaard A, et al. Resistance in faecal Escherichia coli isolated from pig farmers and abattoir workers. Epidemiol. Infect. 1994;113:45-52.
17. Nijsten R, London N, van den Bogaard A, et al. Antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from faecal samples of pig farmers and pigs. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1996; 37:1131-40.
18. Chaslus-Dancla E and Lafont JP. Resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in Escherichia coli from calves in France. Vet Rec 1985;117:90-1.
19. Bates J, Jordens JZ and Griffiths DT. Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 1994; 34: 507-16.
20. Klare I., Heier H, Claus H, Reissbrcdt R and Witte W. vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry. FEMS Microbial. Lett. 1995;125: 165-72.
21. Kaukas A, Hinton M and Linton AH. The effect of growth-promoting antibiotics on the faecal enterococci of healthy young chickens. J. Appl. Bacterial 1988; 64: 57-64.
22. Kruse H, Johansen BK, Rorvik LM, Schaller G. The use of avoparcin as a growth promoter and the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species in Norwegian poultry and swine production. Microb Drug Resist. 1999;5(2):135-9.
23. Aarestrup FM, Kruse H, Tast E, Hammerum AM, Jensen LB. Associations between the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion and the occurrence of resistance among Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs in Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Microb Drug Resist. 2000;6(1):63-70.
24. Borgen K, Sorum M, Wasteson Y, Kruse H. VanA- type vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) remain prevalent in poultry carcasses 3 years after avoparcin was banned. Int J Food Microbiol. 2001;64(1-2):89-94.
25.Tast E. editor. Tylosin and spiramycin as feed additives, influence on the efficacy of therapeutic macrolides. Report of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland. Julkaisuja, 1997.
26. Bager F, Madsen M, Christensen J and Aarestrup FM. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 1997;31: 95-112.