Vehbi Atahan TOĞAY, FUNDA YILDIRIM BAŞ, Dilek AŞÇI ÇELİK, Nurten ÖZÇELİK, Gülçin YAVUZ TÜREL, MUSTAFA CALAPOĞLU, Pınar ASLAN KOŞAR

Increased DNA Damage Of Radiology Personnel Chronically Exposed To Low Levels Of Ionizing Radiation

Objective: People working in the hospital units such asRadiology and Nuclear Medicine are subject to higher dosesof ionizing radiation than people working in other professions.We examined the association between DNA damage andionizing radiation exposure in the personnel working inuniversity hospital and considered different variables such assmoking, working years, gender, age.Material-Method: 48 radiation exposed personnel, agedbetween 20-50 years old, working in radiological units within theSüleyman Demirel University Research - Application Hospitaland 51 individuals, aged between 18 and 57, who do not workin hospital, constitute our research group. Lymphocytes isolatedfrom blood samples taken from the participants were evaluatedwith the comet method for DNA damage. Tail DNA percentageparameter, obtained through Open Comet program, was chosento assess DNA damage and the results were evaluated by theOne-Way Anova statistical test.Results: The results, obtained from statistical comparison oftail DNA percentage parameter, indicate that even the lowdose radiation caused DNA damage and age, gender, smokinghabits and working years did not show any significantdifferences except for dosimetry value. Increasing dosimetryvalue resulted in increased DNA damage.Conclusions: This work supports the previous results ofbiomonitoring of radiology workers chronically exposed toionizing radiation. This means ionizing radiation is still animportant DNA damaging agent despite many improvementssuch as exposed time reduction, working conditions andtechnology.

Sürekli Olarak Düşük Dozlarda İyonize Radyasyona Maruz Kalan Radyoloji Personelinin DNA Hasarındaki Artış

Amaç: Hastanelerin radyoloji veya nükleer tıp birimlerinde çalışanlar, diğer meslek gruplarına göre daha yüksek dozlarda iyonize radyasyona maruz kalmaktadır. Çalışmamızda radyoloji personelinin DNA hasarı ile iyonize radyasyona maruziyetleri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiş ve sigara içme alışkanlığı, cinsiyet, çalışma yılı ile yaş gibi farklı parametreler de hesaba katılmıştır. Materyal-Metot: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi bünyesinde yer alan radyolojik birimlerde çalışan yaşları 20 ila 50 arasında 48 personel ile hastane personeli olmayan yaşları 18 ila 57 arasında 51 birey çalışma grubumuzu oluşturmaktadır. Bireylerden alınan kan örneklerinden izole edilen lenfositler DNA hasarı açısından komet metodu ile değerlendirilmiştir. Open Comet programı aracılığı ile elde edilen Kuyruk DNA yüzdesi parametresi DNA hasarını göstermesi için seçilmiş ve sonuçlar tek yönlü anova istatistik testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Kuyruk DNA yüzdesi parametresinin istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırılması sonucunda elde edilen veriler düşük doz radyasyonun bile DNA hasarına sebep olduğunu ve dozimetre değerinin önemli bir değişken olduğunu göstermektedir. Dozimetre değeri arttıkça daha yüksek DNA hasarı tespit edilmiştir. Yaş, cinsiyet, sigara içme alışkanlığı ve çalışma yılı ise anlamlı bir farklılığa sebep olmamıştır. Sonuç: Sonuçlar, radyoloji personelini konu alan benzer çalışmalarda bildirilen biyo-izleme verileri ile paralellik göstermektedir. Bu durum, gelişen teknoloji ve çalışma koşullarının geliştirilmesi gibi önemli iyileştirmelere rağmen iyonize radyasyonun radyolojik birimlerde çalışan personel için halen önemli bir DNA hasar etkeni olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

PDF

___

1. Parlar S. Sağlık Çalışanlarında Göz Ardı Edilen Bir Durum: Sağlıklı Çalışma Ortamı. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2008;7(6):547-54.

2. Valentin J. The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection: Elsevier Oxford; 2007.

3. ICRP. Radiation and your patient: A guide for medical practitioners: International Commission on Radiological Protection; 2001 [Available from: http://www.icrp.org/docs/ Rad_for_GP_for_web.pdf.

4. IAEA. Occupational Radiation Protection General Safety Guide GSG-7. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2018. 335 p.

5. Al-Abdulsalam A, Brindhaban A. Occupational radiation exposure among the staff of departments of nuclear medicine and diagnostic radiology in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice. 2014;23(2):129-33.

6. Zakeri F, Hirobe T. A cytogenetic approach to the effects of low levels of ionizing radiations on occupationally exposed individuals. European journal of radiology. 2010;73(1):191-5.

7. Thompson LH. Recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells: the molecular choreography. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 2012;751(2):158-246.

8. Engin AB, Ergun MA, Yurtcu E, Kan D, Sahin G. Effect of ionizing radiation on the pteridine metabolic pathway and evaluation of its cytotoxicity in exposed hospital staff. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2005;585(1):184-92.

9. Kaya A. İyonize Radyasyonun Siyolojik Etkileri. Dicle Tıp Dergisi (Journal of Medical School). 2002;100(29):3.

10. Olive PL. The role of DNA single-and double-strand breaks in cell killing by ionizing radiation. Radiat Res. 1998;150(5s):S42-S51.

11. Thompson L, Limoli C. Origin, recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]: Plenum, New York, NY; 2003 [Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK6555/.

12. Collins AR. The comet assay for DNA damage and repair. Molecular biotechnology. 2004;26(3):249-61.

13. Garaj-Vrhovac V, Kopjar N. The alkaline Comet assay as biomarker in assessment of DNA damage in medical personnel occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. Mutagenesis. 2003;18(3):265-71.

14. Dinçer Y, Kankaya S. DNA hasarının belirlenmesinde Comet assay. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;30(4):1365-73.

15. Dusinska M, Collins AR. The comet assay in human biomonitoring: gene–environment interactions. Mutagenesis. 2008;23(3):191-205.

16. Anderson D, Dhawan A, Laubenthal J. The comet assay in human biomonitoring. Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols. 2013:347-62.

17. Cemeli E, Baumgartner A, Anderson D. Antioxidants and the Comet assay. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 2009;681(1):51-67.

18. Gyori BM, Venkatachalam G, Thiagarajan P, Hsu D, Clement M-V. OpenComet: An automated tool for comet assay image analysis. Redox biology. 2014;2:457-65.

19. Hızarcı S. Radyasyon Kaynakları ve Radyasyondan Korunma Ankara: Radyasyon Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Dairesi- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; 2010 [Available from: http://www.cygm.gov.tr/CYGM/Files/Guncelbelgeler/ Radyasyon_olcum_sunum.pdf.

20. Bedir A, Bilgici B, Yurdakul Z, Gürsel BŞ, Alvur A. DNA Hasarı Analizinde μ-Fadu ve Comet Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi. 2004;2(3):97-103.

21. Wang Y, Xu C, Du LQ, Cao J, Liu JX, Su X, et al. Evaluation of the Comet Assay for Assessing the Dose- Response Relationship of DNA Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013;14(11):22449-61.

22. Vellingiri B, Shanmugam S, Subramaniam MD, Balasubramanian B, Meyyazhagan A, Alagamuthu K, et al. Cytogenetic endpoints and Xenobiotic gene polymorphism in lymphocytes of hospital workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation in Cardiology, Radiology and Orthopedic Laboratories. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2014;100:266-74.

23. Ündeger Ü, Zorlu AF, Basaran N. Use of the alkaline comet assay to monitor DNA damage in technicians exposed to lowdose radiation. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 1999;41(8):693-8.

24. Wojewódzka M, Kruszewski M, Iwaneñko T, Collins AR, Szumiel I. Application of the comet assay for monitoring DNA damage in workers exposed to chronic low-dose irradiation: I. Strand breakage. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 1998;416(1):21-35.

25. Bozkurt G, Yuksel M, Karabogaz G, Sut N, Savran FO, Palanduz S, et al. Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of nuclear medicine physicians. Mutation Research/ Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2003;535(2):205-13.

26. Erol MK, Oztas S, Bozkurt E, Karakelleoglu S. Sister chromatid exchange analysis and chromosoma aberration studies in interventional cardiology laboratory workers. Jpn Heart J. 2002;43(2):159-66.

27. Martinez A, Coleman M, Romero-Talamas CA, Frias S. An assessment of immediate DNA damage to occupationally exposed workers to low dose ionizing radiation by using the comet assay. Revista De Investigacion Clinica-Clinical and Translational Investigation. 2010;62(1):23-30.

28. Dias FL, Antunes LM, Rezende PA, Carvalho FE, Silva CM, Matheus JM, et al. Cytogenetic analysis in lymphocytes from workers occupationally exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology. 2007;23(2):228-33.

29. Ueno S, Kashimoto T, Susa N, Natsume H, Toya M, Ito N, et al. Assessment of DNA damage in multiple organs of mice after whole body X-irradiation using the comet assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2007;634(1):135-45.

30. Hoffmann H, Speit G. Assessment of DNA damage in peripheral blood of heavy smokers with the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2005;581(1):105-14.

31. Hoffmann H, Högel J, Speit G. The effect of smoking on DNA effects in the comet assay: a meta-analysis. Mutagenesis. 2005;20(6):455-66.

32. Okeji MC, Anakwue AM, Agwuna K. Radiation exposure from diagnostic radiography: an assessment of X-ray beam collimation practice in some Nigerian Hospitals. Internet Journal of Medical Update-EJOURNAL. 2010;5(2).