Almanya’da Suçun Coğrafi Açıklaması: Suçluluk, Göçmenlik ve Mekânsallık

Suçun coğrafi incelemesi nispeten uzun sayılabilecek bir geçmişe sahiptir ve oldukça da fazla disiplinin ortak inceleme alanıdır. Ancak zamanla ele alınan sorunsallarda ve ulaşılan sonuçlarda önemli farklılıklar da gözlemlenmiştir. Özellikle son yarım yüzyılda göçmen nüfusun hem ulusal hem de küresel manada etkinlik kazanması, yerel halkta söz konusu gruplara karşı direnişlerin artması ve ortaya çıkan endişe verici suçlu rakamları bir dönüm noktasına işaret etmektedir. Bu açıdan özellikle fazlaca göçmen kabul eden ülkelerde suçun göçle ilişkilendirilerek incelenmesi bir gelenek halini almış ve onun yorumlanmasında zamansal ve mekânsal dinamikler büyük ölçüde ihmal edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmayla da 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren yasal veya yasal olmayan yollarla fazlaca göçmenin yöneldiği Almanya’da suçun zamansal ve mekânsal açıklaması yapılmaktadır. Çalışmada Polis Suç İstatistiklerinden yararlanılmış ve söz konusu veriler Almanlar, Yabancılar ve yabancılar içerisinde en büyük grubu oluşturan Türkler için ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Akabinde suçun mekânsal bağımlılığı suç türleri ve göçmenlik çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, Almanya’da göçmen kitlerinin yerel halktan daha fazla oranda suç işleme eğiliminde olduğunu, uzun süredir Almanya’da bulunmasına rağmen Türklerin dahi suç oranlarında Almanlarla aynı değere ulaşamadığını, suçlu sayılarının şekillenmesinde bir takım eksikliklerin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, belirli suç türlerinin diğerlerine göre daha fazla mekânsal bağımlılık sergilediği, aynı suç türünde dahi söz konusu bağıntının farklı ulusal kimliklere göre değiştiği ve yerel olarak suçun mekânsal dağılımında suç türleri ve incelenen gruplar açısından birtakım farklılıklar yansıttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Suç, Suç Coğrafyası, Göçmenlik, Mekân, Almanya

Geographical Explanation of Crime in Germany: Delinquency, Immigration and Spatiality

The geographical study of crime has a relatively long history and is a common area of study by many disciplines. However, significant differences have been observed in the problems addressed over time and in the achieved results. The influence gained by migrant populations in particular during the past half-century in a national as well as global context manifests a turning point in terms of increase in resistance displayed by the local population against these groups and the alarming numbers of crime. In this respect, particularly in countries that accept immigrants, the study of crime by associating it with migration has become a tradition while temporal and spatial dynamics are largely neglected in its interpretation. The current study provides a temporal and spatial explanation regarding crime in Germany which has been the target of numerous migrants through legal or illegal means since the 1960s. Police crime statistics have been used in the study and these figures have been evaluated separately for Germans, Foreigners and Turks who comprise the largest group among foreigners. Subsequently, the spatial dependence of crime has been examined in the context of crime types and immigration. The findings of the study indicate that immigrant groups in Germany are more likely to commit crimes than local people and despite the fact that Turks have been in Germany for a long time they have not reached the same figures as Germans in terms of crime rates and that there are some shortcomings in the configuration of the numbers of criminals. Furthermore, it has also been concluded that certain types of crime display more spatial dependence than others, that even with the same type of crime, the correlation changes according to different national identities and that various differences are reflected locally in the spatial distribution of crime in terms of crime types and the studied groups

Keywords:

Crime, Crime Geography, Immigration, Space, Germany,

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