Balıklarda viral ensefalopati ve retinopati

Viral hastalıklar, hem su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı hem de doğal sucul ortamlarda biyolojik çeşitliliğin sürdürülebilirliği açısından her zaman önemli sınırlayıcı faktörlerden birisi olmuştur. Virüslerin balıklarda bazı hastalıklara neden olduğu uzunca bir süredir düşünülmekle birlikte, hücre kültürlerinin kullanılmaya başlanmasına kadar kesin tanıları gerçekleştirilememiştir. Viral nervöz nekroz olarak da adlandırılan balık viral ensefalopati ve retinopati (VER) ise dünyanın pek çok yerinde özellikle deniz kültür balıkçılığı için önemli viral kökenli hastalıklardan birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Nodavirüslere dahil olan virüs, larva ve juvenil bireylerde daha etkili olmakla birlikte yetişkin formlarda da hastalık oluşturabilmektedir. Yetiştiricilik sektöründe özellikle son yıllarda önemli kayıplara yol açmış ve küresel ısınma tehdidi nedeniyle de gittikçe daha önem kazanacağı tahmin edilen bir enfeksiyon halini almıştır. Bu derlemede; balıkların önemli viral hastalıklardan biri olarak değerlendirilen bu enfeksiyona ilişkin bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in fishes

Viral diseases have always been one of the limiting factors in the sustainability of biodiversity, both in the aquaculture and in the natural aquatic environment. Although viruses are thought to be to cause some diseases in fish for a long time, exact diagnosis has not been achieved until the use of cell cultures has begun. The viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) also known as viral nervous necrosis is considered one of the most important viral diseases in the world, especially for marine aquaculture. The virus belonging nodaviruses is more effective on larvae an d juvenile individuals and can also cause infection in adult forms. In the aquaculture sector, especially in recent years has led to significant loss and also expected to become increasingly important due to the threat of global warming. In this review, information about this infection which is considered to be one of the major viral diseases of fish has been presented.

PDF

___

Azad, I.S., Shekhar, M.S., Thirunavukkarasu, A.R. & Jithendran, K.P. (2006). Viral nerve necrosis in hatchery produced fry of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer sequential microscopic analysis of histopathology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 73, 123-130. DOI: 10.3354/dao073123
Banerjee, D., Hamod, M.A., Suresh, T. & Karunasagar, I. (2014) Isolation and characterization of a nodavirus associated with mass mortality in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) from the west coast of India. Virus Disease, 25(4), 425–429. DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0226-8
Barja, J.L. (2004). Report about fish viral diseases. In P. Alvarez-Pellitero, J.L. Barja, B. Basurco, F. Berthe, A.E. Toranzo (Eds.), Mediterranean Aquaculture Diagnostic Laboratories (pp 91-102). Zaragoza: CIHEAM.
Bergman, S.M. & Fichtner, D. (2008). Diseases caused by virus: Viral Diseases in Salmonids. In J. C. Eiras, H. Segner, T. Wahli & G.B. Kapoor (Eds.), Fish Diseases Volume I (pp 41-87). Enfield: Science Publishers.
Bigarre, L., Cabon, J., Baud, M., Heimann, M., Body, A., Lieffrig, F. & Castric, J. (2009). Outbreak of betanodavirus infection in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in fresh water. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32, 667–673.
Binesh, C.P. (2013). Genetic characterization of betanodavirus isolates from Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in India. Archives Virology, 158: 1543-1546. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1554-x
Binesh, C.P., Renuka, K., Malaichami, N. & Greeshma, C. (2013). First report of viral nervous necrosis induced mass mortality in hatchery reared larvae of clownfish, Amphiprion sebae Bleeker. Journal of Fish Diseases, 36 (12): 1017-1020. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12001
Bitchava, K., Xylouri, E., Fragkiadaki, E., Athanassopoulou, F., Papanastassopoulou, M. & Sabatakou, O. (2007). First Incidence of Clinical Signs of Nodavirus Infection in Sea Bream, Sparus auratus L. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 59(1), 3-9.
Bovo, G., Gustinelli, A., Quaglio, F., Gobbo, F., Panzarin, V., Fusaro, A., Mutinelli, F., Caffara M. & Fioravanti, M.L. (2011). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in freshwater fish farmed in Italy. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 96, 45-54. DOI: 10.3354/dao02367
Bovo, G. & Florio, D. (2008). Viral Diseases of Cultured Marine Fish. In J. C. Eiras, H. Segner, T. Wahli & G.B. Kapoor (Eds.), Fish Diseases Volume I (pp 185-202). Enfield: Science Publishers.
Brock J.A. & Bullis R. (2001) Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp. Aquaculture, 197, 137-159.
BSGM. (2017). Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri. Alıntılanma adresi: www.tarim.gov.tr/sgb/Belgeler/SagMenuVeriler/BSGM.pdf (18.04.2018)
Castric, J., Thiery, R., Jeffroy, J., Kinkelin, P. & Raymond, J.C. (2001). Sea bream Sparus aurata, an asymptomatic contagious fish host for nodavirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 47, 33-38. DOI: 10.3354/dao047033
Cherif, N., Thiery, R., Castric, J., Biacchesi, S., Bremont, M., Thabti, F., Limem, L., & Hammami, S. (2009). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy of Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata farmed in Tunisia. Veterinary Research Communications, 33, 345-353. DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9182-3
Chia, T.J., Wu, Y.C., Chen, J.Y. & Chi, S.C. (2010). Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with antiviral activity against fish nodavirus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28(3), 434-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.020
Costa, J.Z. & Thompson, K.D. (2016). Understanding the interaction between Betanodavirus and its host for the development of prophylactic measures for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 53, 35-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.033
Crane, M. & Hyatt, A. (2011). Viruses of Fish: An Overview of Significant Pathogens. Viruses, 3, 2025-2046. DOI: 10.3390/v3112025
Dalla Valle L., Toffolo, V., Lamprecht, M., Maltese, C., Bovo, G. Belvedere, P. & Colombo, L (2005). Development of a sensitive and quantitative diagnostic assay for fish nervous necrosis virus based on two-target realtime PCR. Veterinary Microbiology, 110(3-4), 167-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.07.014
Doan, Q.K, Vandeputte, M., Chatain, B., Morin, T. & Allal, F. (2017). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review. Journal of Fish Diseases, 40, 717-742. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12541
Giacopello, C., Foti, M., Bottari, T., Fisichella, V. & Barbera, G. (2013). Detection of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERV) in wild marine fish species of the South Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean). Journal of Fish Diseases, 36(9), 819-21. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12095
GEM, (2015). Nodavirus infections in the grouper. Alıntılanma adresi: http://www.gemlemerou.org/cms/images/stories/GEM/Accueil/Nodavirus _infection_Grouper.pdf (17.04.2018).
Gagne, N., Johnson, S. C., Cook-Versloot, M., MacKinnon, A. M. & Olivier, G. (2004). Molecular detection and characterization of nodavirus in several marine fish species from the northeastern Atlantic. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 62, 181-189. DOI: 10.3354/dao062181
Glazebrook, J.S. & Campbell, R.S.F. (1987). Diseases of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in Australia. J.W. Copeland, D.L. Gray (Eds.), Management of wild and cultured sea bass/barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp.204-209
Gomez, D.K., Baeck, G.W., Kim, J.H., Choresca, C.H. & Park, S.C. (2008). Molecular detection of betanodaviruses from apparently healthy wild marine invertebrates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97, 197-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.10.012
Hegde, A., Teh, H.C., Lam, T.J. & Sin, Y.M. (2003). Nodavirus infection in freshwater ornamental fish, guppy, Poecilia reticulata comparative characterization and pathogenicity studies. Archives Virology, 148, 575- 586. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-002-0936-x
Hetrick, F.M. (1989). Fish viruses. In B.Austin & D.A.Austin (Eds.), Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Fish and Shellfish (pp 216-239). Chicester: Ellis Horwood.
Ichinose, T., Musyoka,T.M., Watanabe, K. & Kobayashi, N. (2013). Evaluation of antiviral activity of Oligonol, an extract of Litchi chinensis, against betanodavirus. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 7(6), 254-260. DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2013.v7.6.254
Johansen, R., Grove, S, Svendsen, A.K, Modahl, I. & Dannevig, B. (2004). A sequential study of pathological findings in Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), throughout one year after an acute outbreak of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 327-341. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00548.x
Johnson, S.C., Sperker, S.A., Leggiadro, C.T., Groman, D.B., Griffiths, S.G., Ritchie, R.J., Cook, M.D. & Cusack, R.R. (2002). Identification and Characterization of a Piscine Neuropathy and Nodavirus from Juvenile Atlantic Cod from the Atlantic Coast of North America. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 14(2), 124-133. DOI: 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014
Kibenge, F.S.B., Godoy, M.G., Fast, M., Workenhe, S. & Kibenge, M.J.T. (2012). Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Research, 95(3), 257-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003
Kibenge, F.S.B. & Godoy, M.G., (2016). Aquaculture Virology. London: Academic Press.
Korsnes, K. Devold, M., Nerland, A.H. & Nylund, A. (2005). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar after intraperitoneal challenge with a nodavirus from Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 68, 7-15. DOI: 10.3354/dao068007
Maeno, Y., De La Pena, L.D. & Cruz-Lacierda, E.R. (2007). Susceptibility of Fish Species Cultured in Mangrove Brackish Area to Piscine Nodavirus. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 41(1), 95- 99. DOI: 10.6090/jarq.41.95.
Maltese, C. & Bovo, G. (2007). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Ittiopatologia, 4, 93-146.
Moriyama, K., Suzuki, T., Negishi, K., Graci, J.D., Thompson, C.N., Cameron, C.E., & Watanabe, M. (2008). Effects of Introduction of Hydrophobic Group on Ribavirin Base on Mutation Induction and Anti-RNA Viral Activity. Journal of Medical Chemistry, 51, 159-166. DOI: 10.1021/jm7009952
Möller, H. & Anders, K. (1986). Diseases and parasites of marine fishes. Kiel: Möller.
Munday, B. (2003). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy-disease strategy manual. East Brisbane: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
Nakai, T., Mori, K., Sugaya, T., Nishioka, T., Mushiake, K. & Yamashita, H. (2009). Current Knowledge on Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) and its Causative Betanodaviruses. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 61(3), 198-207.
Nazari, A., Hassan, M. D., Bovo, G., Zor riehzahra, M. J., Azmi,T. I. & Arshad, S.S. (2014). Pathogenicity of viral nervous necrosis virus for Guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 13(1), 168-177.
Nishizawa, T., Takami, I., Kokawa, Y. & Yoshimizu, M. (2009). Fish immunization using a synthetic double stranded RNA Poly(I:C), an interferon inducer, offers protection against RGNNV, a fish nodavirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 83, 115-122. DOI: 103354/dao02001
Nunez Ortiz, N., Pascoli, F., Picchietti, S., Buonocore, F., Bernini, C., Toson, M., Scapigliati, & G., Toffan, A. (2016). A formalin in activated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects. Veterinary Research, 47(1), 89-99. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0376-3
Oh, M.J., Jung, S.J., Kim, S.R., Rajendran, K.V., Kim, Y.J., Choi, T.J., Kim, H.R., & Kim, J.D. (2002). A fish nodavirus associated with mass mortality in hatchery-reared red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture, 211, 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00877-8
Olesen, N. J. & Vendramin, N. (2017). Overview of the disease situation and surveillance in Europe in 2016. In N.J. Olesen N.G.Andersen (Eds.), 21st Annual Workshop of the National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases 2017 (pp. 11-13). Lyngby, Denmark. Bildiriler Kitabı.
OIE. (2017). Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Alıntılanma adresi: www.oie.int/index.php?id=2439&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_viral_encephalop athy_retinopathy.htm. (20.02.2018)
Özyer, B.Ö., Kalaycı, G., İnçoğlu, Ș., Pekmez, K., & Küçükali, Y. (2014). The first isolation of betanodavirus from cultured seabass in Turkey. Bornova Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(50), 13-17.
Panzarin, V., Toffan, A., Abbadi, M., Buratin, A., Mancin, M., Braaen, S., Olsen, C.M., Bargelloni, L., Rimstad, E. & Cattoli, G. (2016). Molecular Basis for Antigenic Diversity of Genus Betanodavirus. PLOS ONE, 11(7), 1-18. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158814
Parameswaran, V., Rajesh Kumar, S., Ishaq Ahmed, V.P. & Sahul Hameed, A.S. (2008). A fish nodavirus associated with mass mortality in hatcheryreared Asian Sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 275, 366-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.023
Patel, S., Korsnes, K., Bergh, O., Vik Mo, F., Pedersen J. & Helge Nerland, A. (2007). Nodavirus in farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in Norway. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 77, 169-173. DOI: 10.3354/dao01842
Poisa Beiro, L., Dios, S., Montes, A., Aranguren, R., Figueras, A. & Novoa, B. (2008). Nodavirus increases the expression of Mx and inflammatory cytokines in fish brain. Molecular Immunology, 45, 218–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.016
Roongkamnertwongsa, S., Kanchanakhan, S., Danayadol Y. & Direkbusarakom, S. (2005). Identification of a betanodavirus isolated from viral nervous necrosis disease in red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in Thailand using PCR and sequence analysis. In P. Walker, R. Lester & M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V (pp. 207-216). Manila: Asian Fisheries Society.
Salgado Miranda, C., Elizabeth Loza-Rubio, Edith Rojas-Anaya & Gary GarcíaEspinosa. (2013). Viral vaccines for bony fish: past, present and future. Expert Review of Vaccines, 12(5): 567-578. DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.38
Shetty, M., Maiti, B., Santhosh, K.S., Venugopal, M.N. & Karunasagar, I. (2012). Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures. Indian Journal of Virology, 23(2), 114–123. DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0088-x
Skliris, G.P., Krondiris, J.V., Sideris, D.C., Shinn, A.P., Starkey, W.G. & Richards, R.H. (2001). Phylogenetic and antigenic characterization of new fish nodavirus isolates from Europe and Asia. Virus Research, 75(1), 59- 67. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00225-8
Smail, D.A. & Munro, A.L.S. (2012). The virology of the teleosts. In R.J.Robert (Ed.), Fish Pathology (pp 186-292) New York: Bailliere Tindall.
Souto, S., Merour, E., Biacchesi, S., Bremont, M., Olveira, J.G. & Bandin, I. (2015). In vitro and in vivo characterization of molecular determinants of virulence in reassortant betanodavirus. Journal of General Virology, 96, 1287-1296. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000064
Tanaka S., Takagi M. & Miyazaki T. (2004). Histopathological studies on viral nervous necrosis of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus Thunburg, at the growout stage. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 385-399. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00559.x
Terlizzi, A., Tedesco, P. & Patarnello, P. (2012). Spread of Pathogens from Marine Cage Aquaculture - A Potential Threat for Wild Fish Assemblages Under Protection Regimes. Health and Environment in Aquaculture, 12, 403-414. DOI: 10.5772/30826.
Thiery, R., Cozien, J., Cabon, J., Lamour, F., Baud, M. & Schneemann, A. (2006). Induction of a Protective Immune Response against Viral Nervous Necrosis in the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax by Using Betanodavirus Virus - Like Particles. Journal of Virology, 80(20), 10201- 10207. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01098-06
Toffan, A., Pascoli, F., Pretto, T., Panzarin, V., Abbadi, M., Buratin, A., Quartesan, R., Gijón, D. & Padrós, F. (2017). Viral nervous necrosis in giltheadsea bream (Sparus aurata) caused by reassortant betanodavirus RGNNV/SJNNV: an emerging threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Scientific Reports, 7, 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/srep46755
Totlandl G. K., Grotmol, S., Morita, Y., Nishioka, T. & Nakai, T. (1999). Pathogenicity of nodavirus strains from striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus, studied by waterborne challenge of yolk-sac larvae of both teleost species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 38, 169-175. DOI: 10.3354/dao038169
Ucko, M., Colorni, A. & Diamant, A. (2004). Nodavirus infections in Israeli mariculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27, 459-469. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00565.x
Vendramin, N., Patarnello, P., Toffan, A., Panzarin, V., Cappellozza, E., Tedesco, P., Terlizzi, A., Terregino, C. & Cattoli, G. (2013). Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) in southern Italy: a threat for wild endangered species. BMC Veterinary Research, 9(20), 1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-20
Vendramin, N., Toffan, A., Mancin, M., Cappellozza, E., Panzarin, V., Bovo, G., Cattoli, G., Capua, I. & Terregino, C. (2014). Comparative pathogenicity study of ten different betanodavirus strains in experimentally infected European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases, 37, 371-383. DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12117
Vendramin, N. (2017). Update on fish disease situation in the Mediterranean basin. Alıntılama adresi: http://www.eurl-fish.eu/-/media/Sites/EURLFISH/english/activities/annual%20meetings/21st-AW2017/Presentations/Session-1/NiccolVendramin_Mediterranean.ashx?la=da (18.04.2018)
Walker, P.J. & Winton, J.R. (2010). Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp. Veterinary Research, 41, 51. DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010022
Workenhe S.T., Rise M.L., Kibenge, M.J., & Kibenge F.S. (2010). The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses. Molecular Immunology, 47(16), 2525-2536. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.009
Yamashita, H., Fujita, Y., Kawakami, H. & Nakai, T. (2005). The Efficacy of Inactivated Virus Vaccine against Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN). Fish Pathology, 40(1), 15-21. DOI: 10.3147/jsfp.40.15
Yanong, R.P.E. (2010). Viral Nervous Necrosis (Betanodavirus) Infections in Fish. Alıntılanma adresi: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa180 (20.02.2018).
Zhou, X. (2017). An Overview of Recently Published Global Aquaculture Statistics. Alıntılanma adresi: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7171e.pdf (17.04.2018).
Zorriehzahra, M.E.J., Ghasemi M., Ghiasi, M., Karsidani S.H., Bovo, G., Nazari, A., Adel, M., Arizza, V. & Dhama, K. (2016). Isolation and confirmation of viral Nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and leaping mullet (Liza saliens) in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Veterinary Microbiology, 190, 27-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.023