Tarihsel/Toplumsal Travmalar ve Kuşaklararası Aktarımı Biçimleri Üzerine

Savaş, göç, doğal felaketler ve soykırım gibi tarihsel/toplumsal travmaların, yaşamda kalanlar üzerinde çok boyutlu sarsıcı etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Ancak, travmaya doğrudan maruz kalmasalar bile, sonraki nesiller de, ebevynlerinin deneyimlerini farklı biçimlerde absorbe etmekte ve stres-cevap sistemleri savunmasız hale gelebilmektedirler. Toplumsal travmaların bulaşıcı niteliğine işaret eden bu durum “sekonder travmatizasyon” ya da “travmanın kuşaklararası aktarımı” gibi kavramlarla ifade edilmektedir. Son yirmi yılda travmanın sonraki kuşaklara aktarım biçimlerine ilişkin artan bir ilgi ve modelleme çalışmaları bulunmaktadır. Yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar, retrospektif yöntemin bazı dezavantajlarına karşın, toplumsal/tarihsel travmaların, sonraki kuşakları, psikodinamik, çevresel, kültürel ve epigenetik mekanizmalar aracılığıyla etkilemeye devam ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle travma aktarım süreçlerinde aile içi iletişim tarzlarının önemli bir işlev gördüğü ve post-travmatik büyümeyi başaramayan ailelerde kuşak etkisinin daha ağır deneyimlenebildiği ifade edilmektedir. Travmanın kuşaklararası aktarımını konu edinen derleme türündeki bu makalede, travmanın kuşaklararası aktarım biçimlerine ilişkin literatür gözden geçirilerek olguyla ilgili bir perspektif oluşturulması ve bu paralelde toplumsal travmaların maliyetinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sunulması amaçlanmaktadır.

A Study on Historical/Social Traumas and the Forms of Intergenerational Transmission

Historical/social traumas such as war, migration, natural disasters and genocide have multidimensional devastating effects on the survivors. However, subsequent generations also absorb the experiences of their parents in different ways, even if they were not directly exposed to trauma, and their stress-response systems may become vulnerable. This situation, which indicates the contagious nature of social traumas, is expressed in the concepts such as “secondary traumatization” or “intergenerational transmission of trauma”. In the past two decades, there have been an increasing interest in, and modelling studies on the forms of intergenerational transmission of trauma. Scientific studies reveal that, despite some disadvantages of the retrospective method, social/historical traumas continue to affect subsequent generations through psychodynamic, environmental, cultural and epigenetic mechanisms. It is stated that intra-family communication patterns play an important role especially in the processes of trauma transmission and the generation effect may be experienced more heavily in the families who failed to achieve posttraumatic growth. This review article, discussing intergenerational transmission of trauma, aims to create a perspective on the phenomenon by reviewing the literature on the forms of intergenerational transmission of trauma and concordantly, to contribute to a better understanding of the cost of social traumas.

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