A Culturally Informed Trauma Therapy Approach for Muslim Refugee Families

Refugees arriving in western countries from predominantly Muslim countries, who have already been exposed to severe traumatic experiences in their country of origin, experience further stress during the resettlement process in the host country. Although the number of Muslim refugees is increasing in the U.S. and Europe, the existing literature is not yet adequate to determine which treatments are effective for traumatized Muslim refugee families. Since inappropriate treatment approaches for this population may result cause ineffective or even negative therapy outcomes, this study aimed to develop a culturally responsive treatment model. Specifically, it offers an integrated family-based therapy approach for refugee families, which is influenced by narrative, art, and narrative exposure approaches. This integrated family therapy model consists of 12 weekly sessions in four phases: a) diagnostic interview; b) narration of the life story; c) exposure to the trauma; and d) re-narration and reprocessing of the traumatic events. Future studies should test the feasibility and effectiveness of this integrated model with randomized controlled trials as the implementation of such treatment models is essential for developing a culturally sensitive treatment model for Muslim refugees.

___

  • Abi-Hashem, N. (2011). Working With Middle Eastern Immigrant Families. In A. Zagelbaum. and J. Carlson (Eds.). Working with immigrant families: A practical guide for counselors (pp: 151-180). Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bemak, F., Chung, R. C-Y., & Pedersen, P. (2002). Counseling refugees: A psychosocial approach to innovative multicultural interventions. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  • Bragesjö, M., Arnberg, F. K., Jelbring, A., Nolkrantz, J., Särnholm, J., Olofsdotter Lauri, K., von Below, C., & Andersson, E. (2021). Demanding and effective: Participants’ experiences of internet-delivered prolonged exposure provided within two months after exposure to trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1885193
  • Cratsley, K., Brooks, M. A., & Mackey, T. K. (2021). refugee mental health, global health policy, and the Syrian crisis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 676000. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.676000
  • Daneshpour, M. (1998). Muslim families and family therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 24(3), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1998.tb01090.x
  • Dhalimi, A., Wright, A. M., Yamin, J., Jamil, H., & Arnetz, B. B. (2018). Perception of discrimination in employment and health in refugees and immigrants. Stigma and Health, 3(4), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000068
  • El Baba, R., & Colucci, E. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorders, depression, and anxiety in unaccompanied refugee minors exposed to war-related trauma: A systematic review. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 11, 194–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2017.1355929
  • Fozdar, F. (2012). Social cohesion and skilled Muslim refugees in Australia: Employment, social capital and discrimination. Journal of Sociology, 48(2), 167–186. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.201207580
  • Genç E., & Baptist J. (2019). Managing conflict with parents-in-law in a secular society steeped in Islamic traditions: Perspectives of married Turkish couples. Journal of Family Psychotherapy. 30, 20-39.
  • Genç, E. (2021). Transforming stress to happiness: Positive couple therapy with distressed couples. Journal of Happiness and Health, 1, 4-15.
  • Genç, E. (2022). The effectiveness of trauma treatment approaches in refugee children and adolescents: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 141, 106602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106602
  • Hedayat-Diba, Z. (2000). Psychotherapy with Muslims. In P. S. Richards & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity (pp. 289-314). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Kiser, L. J., Baumgardner, B., & Dorado, J. (2010). Who are we, but for the stories we tell: Family stories and healing. Psychological trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 2(3), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019893
  • Kornhaber, R., Walsh, K., Duff, J., & Walker, K. (2016). Enhancing adult therapeutic interpersonal relationships in the acute health care setting: an integrative review. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 9, 537–546. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S116957
  • Liang, D., Teng, M., & Xu, D. (2019). Impact of perceived social support on depression in Chinese rural-to-urban migrants: The mediating effects of loneliness and resilience. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(7), 1603–1613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22215
  • Lies, J., Drummond, S., & Jobson, L. (2020). Longitudinal investigation of the relationships between trauma exposure, post-migration stress, sleep disturbance, and mental health in Syrian refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1825166. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1825166
  • Mathieson, F., Jordan, J., Bennett-Levy, J., & Stubbe, M. (2018). Keeping metaphor in mind: Training therapists in metaphor-enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy. the Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 11, Article e8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000077
  • Matos, L., Indart, M. J., Park, C. L., & Leal, I. (2022). "That is not my country anymore": Pre- and postdisplacement trauma, stressors, and distress in war-affected Syrian civilians. Psychological Ttrauma: Theory, Research, Practice And Policy, 14(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001031
  • Müller, L. R. F., Büter, K. P., Rosner, R., & Unterhitzenberger, J. (2019). Mental health and associated stress factors in accompanied and unaccompanied refugee minors resettled in Germany: A cross-sectional Said and King 225 study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019- 0268-1
  • Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Nocon, A., Eberle-Sejari, R., Unterhitzenberger, J., & Rosner, R. (2017). The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in war-traumatized refugee and internally displaced minors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(2), 1388709. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1388709
  • Pfeiffer, E., Sachser, C., Tutus, D., Fegert, J. M., & Plener, P. L. (2019). Trauma-focused group intervention for unaccompanied young refugees: “mein weg”—predictors of treatment outcomes and sustainability of treatment effects. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0277-0
  • Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), S205–S214. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534
  • Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2011). Narrative exposure therapy: A short term treatment for traumatic stress disorders (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing.
  • Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921-948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
  • Shedlin, M., Decena, C., Noboa, H., & Betancourt, O. (2014) Sending-country violence and receiving-country discrimination: Effects on the health of Colombian refugees in Ecuador. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16: 119–124.
  • Tonui, B. C., & Mitschke, D. B. (2022). “We still keep our culture to stay alive”: Acculturation and adaptation among resettled young adult refugees from Burma. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 31(2), 121-133.
  • van der Kolk B. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.1/bvdkolk
  • Voulgaridou, M. G., Papadopoulos, R. K., & Tomaras, V. (2006). Working with refugee families in Greece: Systemic considerations. Journal of Family Therapy, 28(2), 200–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2006.00346.x
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] (2019). Global trends: Forced Displacement in 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/
  • White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Pew Research Center (2017). Europe’s growing Muslim population. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/