TÜRKİYE’DE BAKIM EKONOMİSİ VE KADIN İSTİHDAMI

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de bebek yaştaki çocukların bakımı ve okul öncesi eğitim (ECCPE) sektörünün genişlemesinin cinsiyetlere göre istihdam üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Sosyal bakıma yapılan düşük yatırımlar, iş gücüne olan katılımını azaltmakta ve çocuk gelişimi yoluyla ülkenin uzun vadeli ekonomik potansiyeline zarar vermektedir. Bakım ekonomisi projeleri üzerinde yeterince durulmaması, kadınların bakım işlerinde daha fazla temsil edilmeleri nedeniyle ekonomik açıdan da bir cinsiyet ayrımcılığı yansıtmaktadır. Hâlbuki bakım sektörlerine yatırım yapmak, istihdamda artışa neden olacak ve büyümeye katkıda bulunacaktır. Ayrıca bu durumda daha fazla oranda kadın istihdama dâhil olacaktır. Aynı zamanda, cinsiyetçi istihdamı ve ücret farklılıklarını da azaltacaktır. Devlet birçok durumda yasalardaki cinsiyet eğilimlerini ortadan kaldırarak, çocuk bakım tesisleri için fon oluşturmak, işletmek ve tahsis etmek için gerekli önlemleri almak; özel sektör işverenlerini hem erkek hem de kadın personele yönelik kreş kurmaya ve iş yerinde çocuk bakım hizmetleri vermeye yönlendiren yasaları yeniden düzenleme ve gözden geçirme gibi girişimlerle ortaya çıkararak bu alanda yapılanmaya gidebilir.

FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND CARE ECONOMY IN TURKEY

This paper examines gender employment impact of expanding the early childhood care and preschool education (ECCPE) sector in Turkey. Underinvestment in social care thus takes its toll on the country’s long-term economic potential through weakened labour force attachment, and diminished childhood development. This neglect of care economy projects reflects a gender bias in economic thinking as women are more represented in caring work. Investing in the care industries would generate increases in employment and add to growth, with a higher proportion going to women, as they would now be free to take up many of such jobs. It would also narrow the gender employment and earnings gaps. In addition, the government at various levels could start by eliminating gender bias in the laws; take necessary measures to establish, operate, and allocate funds for childcare facilities; come up with initiatives like reinstating and reviewing the laws mandating private sector employers to set up nurseries for both male and female staff and provide childcare services in the workplace.

PDF

___

Acar, F., Akder, H., Akın, A., Arın, C., Cindoğdu, D., Ecevit, Y., Güneş Ayata, A., Karancı, N., Sural, N. and Sancar Usar, S. (2003). Bridging the Gap in Turkey: A Milestone towards Faster Socioeconomic Development and Poverty Reduction, Report by World Bank, 13 Eylül 2003, No. 39334, pp.1-231.
AK Europa (2013). Social Investment, Growth, Employment and Financial Sustainability: Economic and Fiscal Effects of Improving Childcare in Austria, AK Position Paper, Brussels and Vienna: AK Europa, 2013.
Antonopoulos, R. (2008). Impact of Employment Guarantee Programmes on Gender Equality and Pro-poor Economic Development, Policy Brief: Case Study on South Africa. Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.
Apps, P. and Rees, R. (2004). Fertility, Taxation and Family Policy, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106, No. 4, 745–63.
Apps, P. and Rees, R. (2005). Time Use and the Costs of Children over the Life Cycle, In D. Hamermesh ve G. Pfann, (Eds.), The Economics of Time Use, London: Elsevier.
Blau, D. and Tekin, E. (2007). The Determinants and Consequences of Child Care Subsidies for Single Mothers in the USA, Journal of Population Economics, 20(4), 719–41.
Budig, M. and England, P. (2001). The Wage Penalty for Motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204–25.
Conti, G. and Heckman, J. (2012). The Economics of Child Well-Being. IZA Discussion Paper No.6930, Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labour.
Del Boca, D. and Pasqua, S. (2005). Labour Supply and Fertility in Europe and the U.S., In T.Boeri, D. Del Boca, and C. Pissarides (Eds.), Women at Work: An Economic Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ecevit, Y. (2003). Women’s Labor and Social Security, In World Bank Report, Bridging the Gender Gap in Turkey: A Milestone towards Faster Socio-economic Development and Poverty Reduction, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region, pp.73-101.
Hansen, S. and Andersen, L. (2014). A Gendered Investment Plan. Economic Policy Brief No 2. Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies and Economic Council of the Labour Movement, pp.1-12.
Heckman, J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Savelyev, P. and Yavitz, A. (2010). Analyzing Social Experiments as Implemented: A Reexamination of the Evidence from the High Scope Perry Preschool Program, Quantitative Economics, 1(1), 1–46.
Ilkkaracan, I. (2012). Why So Few Women in the Labor Market in Turkey: A Multidimensional Analysis, Feminist Economics, 1(18), 1-36.
Ilkkaracan, I. (2013). Work-Family Balance and Public Policy: A Cross-Country Perspective. Development, 3(55), 325-32.
Kaptanoğlu Y., İlknur, Ç., A. and Ergöçmen Akadlı, B. (2014). Women’s Status, Demographic and Health Survey. Ankara: Hacettepe University, Institute of Population Studies.
Kimmel, J. (1995). The Effectiveness of Child Care Subsidies in Encouraging the Welfare-to-Work Transition of Low-Income Single Mothers. The American Economic Review, 85(2), 271-5.
Lefebvre, P. and Merrigan, P. (2008). Child Care Policy and the Labor Supply of Mothers with Young Children: A Natural experiment from Canada. Journal of Labour Economics, 26(3), 519–48.
OECD. (2015). Employment Outlook 2015, July. Employment Report, DOI: 10.1787/19991266. http://www.oecdilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2015_empl_outlook-2015-en;jsessionid=32bq116g3n3m3.x-oecd-live-03, (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Mayıs 2018)
OECD. (2017). Employment Outlook 2017, July. Employment Report, DOI: 10.1787/19991266. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2017_empl_outlook-2017-en (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2018)
Powell, L. (1997). The Impact of Child Care Costs on the Labor Supply of Married Mothers: Evidence from Canada. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 30(3), 577–94.
Temple, J. and Reynolds, A. (2007). Benefits and Costs of Investment in Preschool Education: Evidence from the Child-Parent Centers and Related Programs. Economics of Education Review, 26(1), 126–44.
Turkish Statistical Institute. (2015). Women in Statistics. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr
Turkish Statistical Institute. (2017). Women in Statistics. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr
Yazıcı, B. (2012). The Return to the Family: Welfare, State, and Politics of the Family in Turkey. Anthropological Quarterly, 85(1), 103-140.
Warner, M. and Liu, Z. (2006). The Importance of Childcare in Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Linkage. Economic Development Quarterly, 20(1), 97–103.
Winkler, A. (2016). Women’s Labor Force Participation. IZA World of Labor 2016: 289, doi: 10.15185/izawol.289.https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/289/pdfs/womens-labor-force-participation.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2018)