Turizm ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisinde Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği

Geçtiğimiz yüzyılın sonlarına doğru hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sosyal refah uygulamalarının azalması, ekonomik büyüme sonucunda ortaya çıkan gelir artışının tüm bireyler arasında adil ve eşit bir şekilde dağıtımı konusunun geri plana itilmesine neden olmuştur. Gelir dağılımındaki adaletsizliğin toplumsal barışın en büyük tehdit unsuru haline geldiği günümüz dünyasında, ekonomik getiriler açısından, turizmin özellikle istihdam yaratma potansiyeli ve ekonomik büyümeye katkıları yönünden, önemli pozitif etkilere sahip olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ancak turizmin gelir eşitsizliğine etkileri konusundaki tartışmalar günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, turizm gelirlerinin milli gelire oranının, en yüksek olduğu 50 gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkede turizm gelirlerindeki değişimin, finansal gelişme ve ticari açıklık kontrol değişkenlerini de dikkate alarak, gelir eşitsizliğine etkilerini, eş-bütünleşme ve Granger nedensellik testleri ile incelemektir. 1995-2018 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak yapılan ekonometrik tahminler, turizm gelirlerinin gelir eşitsizliğine etkisinin uzun dönemde hem gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasında, hem de sektörün farklı gelişim evrelerinde değişiklik gösterebileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar özellikle az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde turizm gelirlerinin farklı gruplar arasında daha adil paylaşımı için kamu politikaları ve uygulamalarının önemli olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Turizm, Gelir Eşitsizliği, Panel Veri Analizi

Investigating the Validity of Kuznets Curve Hypothesis on Tourism and Income Inequality Relations

The decline of social welfare policies in both developed and developing countries in the late the last century has led to the issue of fair and equal distribution of income among all citizens being pushed into the background. When injustices in income distribution have become the biggest threat to social peace in today’s world, in terms of economic and social benefits, tourism is considered one of the sectors supporting social and economic welfare with significant positive effects on employment generation and economic growth. However, controversy in the literature remains regarding the impacts of tourism on income distribution. We decided to analyse this impact by controlling the level of financial development and trade openness in both developed and developing countries, where the ratio of tourism revenues to national income is the highest. Using annual data from 1995-2018, the cointegration and causality analysis show the evidence that tourism impact on income distribution is dissimilar across developing and developed countries and the impact changes in different stages of sector development. The findings validate that the involvement of low- and mid-income countries’ governments are crucial for fair distribution of tourism revenues through the community and coping with the issue.

Keywords:

Tourism, Income Inequality, Panel Data Analysis,

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