SOSYAL POLİTİKALARDA YAŞLI VE YAŞLANAN GÖÇMENLERİ YENİDEN TARTIŞMAK: AVRUPA ÖRNEĞİ

Göç ve yaşlanma, günümüz dünyasında toplumsal yapıyı ve nüfusu şekillendiren iki önemli dinamiktir. Bunların kesişimine işaret eden bir kavram olarak ulusötesi yaşlanmayı ele alan çalışmaların sayısı son yıllarda artmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, her iki demografik sürecin sonuçlarının da görünür olduğu Avrupa örneğinde yaşlı ve yaşlanan göçmenleri hedefleyen sosyal politikaları ele almaktır. Bu amaçla sosyal politikalarda yaşlı ve yaşlanan göçmenlere yönelik literatür değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle sosyal politikalarda bu grubun nasıl tanımlanacağı sorusu tartışılmıştır. Bu tanım çerçevesinde yaşlı ve yaşlanan göçmenlerin nasıl kategorize edilebileceği ve bu kategorileri etkileyen yapısal faktörler olarak ekonomik sistemler, refah rejimleri, göç politikaları, vatandaşlık politikaları ve emeklilik sistemleri incelenmiştir. Ardından kritik uygulama alanları belirlenip şu dört tema altında toplanarak sosyal politika önerileri tartışmaya açılmıştır: 1) sağlık ve sosyal bakım, 2) hizmet sağlayıcıların eğitimi, 3) kümülatif dezavantaj olarak cinsiyet ve 4) aktif yaşlanma. Makale yaşlı ve yaşlanan göçmenleri hedefleyen sosyal politikalarda; farklı göçmen grupların homojenleştirmemesinin önemli olduğu, yaşam seyri boyunca biriken ve yaşlılık döneminde önemli sonuçlara sahip olan kümülatif dezavantajların ve ulusötesi yaşlanma pratiklerinin dikkate alınması gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ulusötesi yaşlanma, göç politikaları, sağlık politikaları, emeklilik politikaları, yaşlılık

RECONSIDERING OLDER MIGRANTS IN SOCIAL POLICIES: THE CASE OF EUROPE

Migration and aging are dominant processes in contemporary societies, therefore, the number of works tackling their intersection increases in recent years. This article aims to discuss social policies targeting older migrants in Europe, where the results of both these processes are prominent. The literature on older migrants within the scope of social policies is evaluated. Firstly, the question of how this group is conceptualized in social policies is discussed. The way older migrants are categorised and structural factors affecting these categories, including economic systems, welfare systems, migration and citizenship policies, and retirement systems are studied within the frame of this definition. Subsequently, the critical spheres of implementation are determined and propositions regarding social policies are opened to the discussion under four themes: 1) health and social care; 2) education for public servants; 3) gender as a cumulative disadvantage; 4) active aging. The article concludes that in social policies targeting older migrants it is important not to homogenise various migrant groups. Additionally, the cumulative disadvantages gathered during the life course should be considered. Finally, focus should be given to practices of transnational aging.

Keywords:

Older migrants, transnational aging, migration policy, health policy, retirement policy,

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