Ortadoğu İle Karşılaşma: David Greig’in Damascus Oyunu

Günümüz İskoçyalıtiyatro yazarıDavid Greig sadece İskoçya Tiyatrosuna değil, 21. yüzyıl İngiliz Tiyatrosuna da çok değerli katkılar sağlamıştır. Yazar, tiyatro eserlerinde günümüz dünyasının önemli siyasi, kültürel ve estetik akımlarınıele alır. Bu çalışma, yazarın 2006 yılında yazdığı Damascuseserinde ‘öteki’ ile olan tecrübesini yansıtır. Oyunda Greig Batıve Arap dünyasıarasında meydana gelen ilişkilerin karmaşıklığınıve derinliğini anlatır. Yazar dünyanın en eski yerleşim yerinde ‘öteki’nin gizemini ele geçirirken, aynızamanda oyunun yer aldığı Şam şehri günümüz gerçekliğinde kök salan mistik bir yer olarak karşımıza çıkar. Oyunun kültürel çatışmayıanlatan bir komedi olmasının yanısıra, hayal ve hakikat arasındaki ilişkilendirmeleri anlatan bir tarafıda vardır. Oyun, Batılıve Arap karakterler aracılığıile Batının ve Ortadoğunun birbirlerine karşısahip olduklarıönyargıve klişe tutumlarıinceler. Bu açıdan, oyunun başkarakteri karşılaştığıkültürel çatışma ile aslında, Batının Ortadoğu ile ilgili ve Ortadoğunun da Batıile ilgili alışılmışanlayışına meydan okuyarak, önyargılarısorgular. Edebiyat tarihinde ‘Doğu’ hakkında yazmak Batılıyazarlar için her zaman ilgi çekici olmuştur. Batılıyazarlar eserlerinde Ortadoğu’yu ele alırken genellikle seyahat anılarından faydalanırlar. Fakat Samuel Chew meşhur kitabında The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance , iki grup seyahat yazarlarından bahseder: ‘Doğuyu sadece hayal eden koltuk seyyahlarıve gerçekten Doğuyu ziyaret ederek bizzat tecrübe eden gezginler’. Chew, 1974 . Greig Damascusoyununu Şam’a yaptığıbir seyahatten sonra, önyargıveya hayalden uzak olarak yazmıştır. Oyunla ilgili bir notunda Greig oyunun, 2000 yılında Ortadoğu’da yürüttüğü tiyatro çalıştaylarının beklenmedik bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığınısöyler. Yazar, oyunda Batıve Arap dünyasının arasındaki ilişkilerin karmaşıklığınısergilediğini belirtir. Oyun Batıve Ortadoğu değerlerinin özellikleri ile ilgili çelişkili fikirleri öne sürer. Greig özbenlik ve ‘öteki’ arasındaki ilişkiyi ve kültürler arasıfarklılıklarıtasvir ederken aynızamanda basmakalıp fikirleri ve önyargılarıalt üst eder. Ana karakter aracılığıyla yazar sadece Ortadoğu karakterlerini veya meselelerini örneklemez aynızamanda özbenlikle ilgili tanımlamalar sunar. Doğu ile Batının birleştiği çok kültürlü bir sahnede, karakterler ve izleyiciler birbirlerinin benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarınıküresel ve ülkelerarasıbir bağlamda keşfeder.

Encountering The Middle East: David Greig’s Damascus

David Greig, as a Scottish playwright, has made a significant contribution not only to Scottish drama but also to the Drama of Britain in the twenty-first century. He is responsive to the key political, cultural and aesthetic concerns and movements of today’s world in his dramatic work. This paper investigates the playwright’s experience of ‘the other’ in Damascus** 2006 – a play in which Greig explores the complexities of relations between the West and the Arab world. While the playwright seizes the mystery of ‘the other’ in the world’s oldest inhabited city, Damascus becomes a mythical place rooted in a contemporary reality. Despite the fact that the play is mostly a comedy of cultural confusion, it explores relationships between illusion and truth, fiction and fact. Through its Western and Arabic characters, the play analyzes preconceptions and stereotypes that Western and Mid-Eastern people have for each other. In that sense, the play, for the most part, proposes a challenge to customary Western perceptions of the MidEasterners and vice-versa as its protagonist faces a large cultural divide. In the history of literary production ‘East’ has always been an attractive topic to explore for ‘Western’ authors. Western writers have mainly produced texts about the Middle East based on their travel accounts. However, in his seminal book, The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance, Samuel Chew professes that there are two groups of travel-writers: ‘arm-chair travelers who saw the East in their mind’s eye, and those who actually visited the lands and spoke from personal experience’. Chew, 1974 . Indeed, Greig has written Damascus from first-hand experience, and not from prejudice or fantasy. He explains in a note on the text that Damascus is an unexpected result of theater workshops he has been leading in the Middle East in 2000. He notes that the play is his exploration of the complexities of relations between the West and the Arab worlds. The play envisions contradictory opinions on characterizing Western and Middle Eastern values. In Damascus Greig explores relations between the self and ‘the other’, illustrates the complexities of cultural differences, subverts clichés and challenges misconceptions. Through the main character, Greig not only objectifies and instrumentalizes Middle Eastern characters and issues but also projects definitions related to ‘self’. In a multicultural setting where East and West meet, the characters and the audiences perceive each other’s similarities and differences in a global/transnational context. Greig as a practicing artist in Damascus attempts to give voice to a Middle Eastern community in the Bakhtinian sense in that it proposes a decentralized polyphony of the Middle Eastern world as opposed to centralized monological discourses. Indeed, at the play’s end, the main character’s presumptions about the Middle East change. Although the play with its volatile and restless Middle Eastern setting has political references to freedom of speech, defining ‘the other’ and transnational relationships, it explores the human condition in essence with the poet’s care and vigour. Greig clarifies that while the play is mostly ‘a comedy of cultural confusion’, it actually explores relationships between ‘language and culture’ Jackson, 2009 . Following his trips to the Middle East, the playwright feels an urge to write the play. He believes that most British playwrights do not experience the Middle East so there is a lack of plays that are set in that part of the world. He has experienced that there is not a great tradition of playwriting in the Middle East, therefore there are not enough plays available to be staged in Britain. Although the play is specifically entitled Damascus, the story could be set anywhere because the play is in fact a story of individuals, the choices they make, and how they treat one another. Indeed, the Westerners need to understand the relationships between individuals in order to grasp the complexity of Middle Eastern politics. Eventually, Western audiences together with the main character in the play have come to realize that Arab countries are not always ruled by fundamentalist values and that Western nations are not always superlative. In that sense the play is unique in terms of staging the world of the Arab intellectual on one hand and the Western presumptions on the other

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