Profesyonel Askeri Eğitim ve Türkiye’nin Model Arayışı

Bu makale profesyonel askerî eğitim modellerinin gelişimini ve Türkiye’nin bu alandaki tecrübesini Kara Harp Okulu örneği üzerinden incelemektedir. Bu amaçla Türkiye dâhil sekiz ülkenin profesyonel askerî eğitim modellerinin ana hatları açıklanmıştır. Subaylık mesleğine özgü okullar başlangıçtan günümüze değin dönemin şartlarına ve her ülkenin kendi önceliklerine göre değişmiştir. Buna rağmen profesyonel askerî eğitimin ana ilkeleri üzerindeki tartışmalar devamlılık arz etmektedir. Başlangıçta sadece “askerler tarafından askerler için” şeklinde özetlenebilecek olan askerî eğitim günümüzde sivil-asker iş birliği ve üniversiteleşme eğilimindedir. Makalenin ana argümanı, Türkiye’nin de Osmanlı döneminden itibaren bu ana akımları takip etmesine rağmen kısır tartışmalar, reform hareketlerine karşı direnç ve ülkenin iç siyasetinde krizlere varan dalgalanmalar neticesinde askerî eğitim sisteminde melez modeller üzerinden ilerlediği yönündedir. Modern askerî eğitim sisteminin genellikle kriz durumları ile birlikte değiştiği, ancak bu değişimin eski sistemi tamamen ortadan kaldıramadan sadece bazı yönlerini etkileyebildiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca askerî eğitimin felsefesinin anlaşılamaması ve kısa vadeli ihtiyaçlara öncelik verilmesi bu melezleşmeyi pekiştirmiştir. Bu durum periyodik olarak sisteme müdahale edilmesine yol açmıştır. Bununla birlikte 2016 darbe girişiminden sonra ilk defa ülkeye özgü bir modelin geliştirilebildiğini söylemek mümkündür. Ancak bu modelin de geçmiştekilerle aynı sorunu yaşamaması için eğitimin ana prensiplerine sadık kalınması ve radikal değişimlere açık olunması gerektiği değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Profesyonel askeri eğitim, akademik eğitim, askeri eğitim, sivil-asker mesafesi, Harbiye.

Professional Military Education and Türkiye's Search for a Model

This article examines the development of professional military education models and Türkiye's experience through the example of the Turkish Military Academy-Harbiye. The main features of PME models from eight nations, including Türkiye, are outlined for this purpose. Since their inception, military schools have evolved in response to changing circumstances and national priorities. Despite this evolution, the main principles of professional military education are still being debated. Professional military education, which may be described as "by the soldiers for the soldiers" initially, is now primarily focused on civil-military collaboration and university education. The article's main argument is that although Türkiye has followed these main trends since the Ottoman period, it disrupted each model and turned them into mixed models due to vicious debates, resistance to reform movements, and volatility in the country's domestic politics. The Turkish professional military education system generally changes after a crisis, but this change can only affect some aspects of the old system without completely eliminating it. In addition, the lack of understanding of the philosophy of military education and the priority given to short-term needs reinforced this hybridization. This situation led to periodic interventions in the system. It is possible to say that a country-specific model was developed for the first time after the 2016 coup attempt. However, it is stated that in order for this model to avoid the same problems as previous ones, it is vital to adhere to main educational principles while still being open to radical innovations.

Keywords:

Professional military education, academic education, military training, civil-military gap, Harbiye.,

PDF

___

Adamsky, D. (2010). The Culture Of Military Innovation: The Impact of Cultural Factors on The Revolution in Military Affairs in Russia, The US, and Israel, California: Stanford University Press.
Avant, D. (1994). Political Institutions and Military Change: Lessons From Peripheral Wars, New York: Cornell University Press.
Akmeşe, H. N. (2005). Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI. Londra: IB Tauris.
Ambrose, S. E. (1999). Duty, honor, country: A history of West Point. JHU Press.
Augé, A. (2008). La formation initiale des futures élites militaires à Saint-Cyr: Un dispositif institutionnel en évolution. Education et sociétés, 21(1), 81-94.
Bakken, T. (2020). The cost of loyalty: Dishonesty, hubris, and failure in the US military. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Barnett, C. (1967). The education of military elites. Journal of Contemporary History, 2(3), 15-35.
Berkes, N. (2012). Türkiye’de çağdaşlaşma (18. bs.). İstanbul: YKY.
Birand, M. A. (1986). Emret komutanim. Istanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.
Celep, B. (2020). Türkiye’ye Amerikan Askerî Yardım Kurulu (Jammat) Ve Türkiye’deki Faaliyetleri. AKDYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
Cevizci, A. (2010). Eğitim Sözlüğü, Say Yayınları. İstanbul: Kurtiş Matbaası.
Clifford, M. L. (1997). Troubled Tiger: Businessmen, Bureaucrats and Generals in South Korea, Londra: East Gate Book.
Demeter, K. (1965). The German officer-corps in society and state, 1650-1945. Londra: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Duffy, C. (2005). Military Experience in the Age of Reason. Londra: Routledge.
Erden, M. (2007). Eğitim bilimlerine giriş. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınları.
Ertürk, S. (2013). Eğitimde" program" geliştirme. Ankara: Edge Akademi.
ESM Promotions. (2021). https://www.st-cyr.terre.defense.gouv.fr/index.php/L-Academie/L-Ecole-Speciale-Militaire-de-Saint-Cyr/Les-promotions-de-l-ESM-Saint-Cyr/Toutes-les-promotions-de-l-ESM
Farrell, T. ve Terriff, T. (2002). The Sources of Military Change: Culture, Politics, Technology, London: Londra: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Gat, A. (2001). A history of military thought: From the Enlightenment to the Cold War. Oxford University Press, USA.
Girardet, R. (1998). La société militaire de 1815 à nos jours. Perrin Paris.
Fatih Gürses, F. (2021). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Son Döneminde Harbiye’de Eğitim ve Öğretim Faaliyetleri (1894-1914), Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans tezi.
Güvenc, S. ve Uyar, M. (2021). Lost in translation or transformation? The impact of American aid on the Turkish military, 1947–60. Cold War History, 1-19.
Hartmann, U. (2016). What’s the Matter with Innere Führung? Ethics and Armed Forces: Controversies in Peace Ethics & Security Policy, (1), 22-26.
Hittle, J. D. (1952). The military staff: Its history and development. Military service publishing Company.
Huntington, S. P. (1957). The soldier and the state: The theory and politics of civil–military relations. Vintage Books.
JAMMATa. (1950, Kasım 14). Non-Commissioned officer corps for Turkey, 14 November 1950, Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs) Office of Military Assistance Project Decimal File Apr 1949-May 1953. US NA (330/18/79).
JAMMATb. (1954, Eylül 9). JAMMAT Monthly Activities Report-August 1954. US NA (334/252/22).
JAMMATc. (1948, Şubat 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report January 1948. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
JAMMATd. (1949, Ocak 13). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report December 1948. US NA (334/251A/14).
JAMMATe. (1950, June 30). Letter from General Horace McBride to General Nuri YAMUT, 30 June 1950, JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report June 1950. US NA (334/251A/20).
Jazet, P. (1893). Histoire de l’École speciale militaie de Saint-Cyr. Ch. Delagrave.
Karatamu, S. (1971). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi, IIIncü Cilt 6nci Kısım (1908–1920). Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi.
Kennedy, G. C. ve Neilson, K. (2002). Military Education Past Present and Future. Londra: Praeger
KHO Arşivi (1990). KHO’nun Fakülte Statüsüne Geçirilmesi.
KHO Genel Ağ Sayfası (2022). https://kho.msu.edu.tr/akademik/dekanlik/savunma_yonetimi_bolumu/savunma_anasayfa.html.
Klinkert, W., Bollen, M., Jansen, M., de Jong, H., Kramer, E.-H. ve Vos, L. (Ed.). (2019). NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2019: Educating Officers: The Thinking Soldier - The NLDA and the Bologna Declaration. NL ARMS. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-315-3
Kurtcephe, İ. ve Balcıoğlu, M. (1992). Kara Harp Okulu Tarihi. Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Matbaası.
Libel, T. (2016). European military culture and security governance: Soldiers, scholars and national defence universities. Londra: Routledge.
Livres D’or (2021). Lycée Militaire d’Aix-enProvence, Colonel Christophe Lhomme, https://rh-terre.defense.gouv.fr/images/LyceesMilitaires/pdf/Excellence_FR_LM_AIX.pdf.
Lycée Militaire (2021). https://rhterre.defense.gouv.fr/formation/lyceesmilitaires.
Masland, J. W. ve Radway, L. I. (1957). Soldiers and scholars. Princeton University Press.
Moreau, O. (2010). Reformlar Çağında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Askeri “Yeni Düzen” in İnsanları ve Fikirleri 1826-1914. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Mukherjee, A. (2018). Educating the professional military: Civil–military relations and professional military education in India. Armed Forces & Society, 44(3), 476-497.
Müth, J. (2011). Command culture: Officer education in the US army and the German armed forces, 1901-1940, and the consequences for World War II. University of North Texas Press.
Parkin, R., Winton, H., Swain, R., Grey, J., Cook, M., Longstaff, S., French, S. (2005). Warfighting and ethics: Selected papers from the 2003 and 2004 Rowell Seminars. Land Warfare Studies Centre.
Posen, B. (1984). The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany Between the World Wars. New York: Cornell University Press.
Records of Subcommittee on Extension of Aid to Turkey, Study of Us Assistance to Turkey (7 Nisan 1947). US NA, Record Group 353, Lot File 166, Box 9, entries 70-71.
Rosen, P.S. (1991). Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military, New York: Cornell University Press.
Saint Cyr. (2021). Histoire, https://www.defense.gouv.fr/fre/terre/l-armee-de-terre/le-niveau-divisionnaire/commandement-rh-formation/academie-militaire-de-saint-cyr-coetquidan-amscc.
Smith, H. ve Bergin, A. (2012). Educating for the Profession of Arms in Australia. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
Soldaat, P. (13 Ocak 2022). E-posta görüşmesi, Hollanda Savunma Akademisi.
Şişman, M. (2018). Eğitime giriş. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
UK MoD (2021). https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-schools-and-colleges/rma-sandhurst/faculty-for-the-study-of-leadership-security-and-warfare/
Uluçakar, M. ve Çağlar, A. (2016). Turkish Professional Military Education and Civilian Control. Bilig, (79), 173-198.
Unibw (2021). Governance Committee of the Universität der Bundeswehr München, https://www.unibw.de/home-en/governance-and-committees/governance-committee
Uyar, M. ve Erickson, E. J. (2009). A military history of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International/ABC-CLIO.
Uyar, M. ve Varoǧlu, A. K. (2008). In search of modernity and rationality: The evolution of Turkish Military Academy curricula in a historical perspective. Armed Forces and Society, 35(1), 180-202.
Van Creveld, M. (1990). The training of officers: From military professionalism to irrelevance. New York: Free Press.
Wallach, J. L. (1985). Bir askeri yardımın anatomisi. Çev. Fahri Çeliker, Ankara: Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayını.
Whitton, F. E. (1921). Frederick E. Whitton, Moltke, Constable and Company Ltd, London, 1921. Londraon: Constable and Company.
Wilkinson, S. (1895). The brain of an Army: A popular account of the German general staff. Westminster: A. Constable.
Yamak, K. (2006). Gölgede kalan izler ve gölgeleşen bizler. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
Yapp, M. E. (1975). The modernization of Middle Eastern armies in the nineteenth century: A comparative view. War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, Londra: Oxford University Press, ss. 330-366.