Mediator effect of luteolin on electrooxidation of NADH

The effects of luteolin (LU) as a new mediator on the electrooxidation of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were investigated and developed a new disposable NADH sensor. Firstly, screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNP), and then, LU was deposited on SPCE modified with AuNP (SPCE/AuNP) using cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical behavior of LU on SPCE/AuNP was investigated and, the redox proses of LU on SPCE/AuNP was found to be adsorption controlled. The number of cycles was optimized for the electrochemical deposition of LU and determined to be 15 cycles. LU modified SPCE/AuNP (SPCE/AuNP/LU) was found to show the electrocatalytic effect on electrooxidation of NADH and acts as a mediator. Working potential and pH were optimized for electrochemical detection of NADH with the proposed SPCE/AuNP/LU sensor and found to be +0.225 V and 7.25, respectively. The proposed NADH sensor showed a well linear response from 15.90 to 925 μM with a detection limit of 4.57 μM and a sensitivity of 11.19 μAmM−1. The repeatability of the NADH sensor was tested +0.225 V with 50 µM NADH solution. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 3.68% (for n=10). The operational stability studies have shown that the initial amperometric response of sensor to NADH decreased by 62.1% at the 30th day. The analysis of NADH in artificial human serum samples was successfully performed with SPCE/AuNP/LU sensor.

Keywords:

NADH, luteolin, gold nanoparticles redox mediator, human blood serum,

PDF

___

[1] L. Gorton and E. Dominguez, “Electrochemistry of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H, in: Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry,” (A.J. Bard, M. Stratmann (Eds.)), Bioelectrochemistry (G.S. Wilson (Ed.)), (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim), vol. 9, p. 67, 2002.
[2] E. Simon and P.N. Bartlett, “Biomolecular Films, Design, Function and Applications,” Marcel Dekker, (New York), 2002.
[3] G. D. Birkmayer, “NADH the energizing coenzyme. Good Health Guide,” Keats Publishing, Los Angeles, pp. 1-2, 1993.
[4] E. Aslan and S. Adem, “Investigation of the effects of some drugs and phenolic compounds on human dihydrofolate reductase activity,” Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, vol. 29, no. 3 pp. 135-139, 2015.
[5] S. Adem and M. Ciftci, “Purification and biochemical characterization of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase from rat lung and inhibition effects of some antibiotics,” Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1342-1348, 2016.
[6] L. Gorton, “Chemically modified electrodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of nicotinamide coenzymes,” Journal of The Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions I, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 1245-1258, 1986.
[7] S. A. Kumar and S. Chen, “Electroanalysis of NADH using conducting and redox active polymer/carbon nanotubes modified electrodes - A review,” Sensors, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 739-766, 2008.
[8] Y. Dilgin, D. Giray Dilgin, Z. Dursun, H. İ. Gökçel, D. Gligor, B. Bayrak, and B. Ertek, “Photoelectrocatalytic determination of NADH in a flow injection system with electropolymerized methylene blue,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1138-1143, 2011.
[9] M. Güneş and Y. Dilgin, “Flow injection amperometric determination of NADH at a calmagite‑modified pencil graphite electrode,” Monatshefte für Chemie- Chemical Monthly, vol. 150, no. 8, pp 1425-1432, 2019.
[10] M. Sahin and E. Ayranci, “Electrooxidation of NADH on modified screen-printed electrodes: effects of conducting polymer and nanomaterials,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 166, pp. 261-270, 2015.
[11] M. Bilgi Kamaç, E. Kıymaz Onat and M. Yılmaz, “A new disposable amperometric NADH sensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide/polyneutral red/gold nanoparticle,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 419-431, 2020.
[12] H. R. Zare and S. M. Golabi, “Caffeic acid modified glassy carbon electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH),” Journal of Solid-State Electrochemistry, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 87–94, 2000.
[13] P. T. Lee and R. G. Compton, “Electrochemical detection of NADH, cysteine, or glutathione using a caffeic acid modified glassy carbon electrode,” Electroanalysis, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1613–1620, 2013.
[14] C. Zanardi, E. Ferrari, L. Pigani, F. Arduini and R. Seeber, “Development of an Electrochemical Sensor for NADH Determination Based on a Caffeic Acid Redox Mediator Supported on Carbon Black,” Chemosensors, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 118-128, 2015.
[15] H. R. Zare and S. M. Golabi, “Electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at a chlorogenic acid modified glassy carbon electrode,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 464, no. 1, pp. 14-13, 1999.
[16] Y. Dilgin, B. Kızılkaya, D. Giray Dilgin, H. İ. Gokçel and L. Gorton, “Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH using a pencil graphite electrode modified with quercetin,” Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, vol. 102, pp. 816-821, 2013.
[17] M. Bilgi, E. M. Sahin and E. Ayranci, “Sensor and biosensor application of a new redox mediator: Rosmarinic acid modified screen-printed carbon electrode for electrochemical determination of NADH and ethanol,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 813, pp. 67-71, 2018.
[18] H. P. Hendrickson, A. D. Kaufman and C. E. Lunte, “Electrochemistry of catechol-containing flavonoids,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 325-334, 1994.
[19] L. V. Jørgensen, H. L. Madsen, M. K. Thomsen, L. O. Dragsted and L. H. Skibsted, “Regeneration of phenolic antioxidants from phenoxyl radicals: an ESR and electrochemical study of antioxidant hierarchy,” Free Radical research, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 207-220, 1999.
[20] A. Liu, S. Zhang, L. Huang, Y. Cao, H. Yao, W. Chen and X. Lin, “Electrochemical oxidation of luteolin at a glassy carbon electrode and its application in pharmaceutical analysis”, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 745-748, 2008.
[21] D. Zhao, X. Zhang, L. Feng, Q. Qi and S. Wang, “Sensitive electrochemical determination of luteolin in peanut hulls using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode,” Food Chemistry, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 694-698, 2011.
[22] S. Ramešová, R. Sokolová, J. Tarábek and I. Degano, “The oxidation of luteolin, the natural flavonoid dye,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 110, pp. 646-654, 2013.
[23] D. Lu, S. Lin, L. Wang, T. Li, C. Wang and Y. Zhang, “Sensitive detection of luteolin based on poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized graphene-carbon nanotubes hybrid/β-cyclodextrin composite film,” Journal of Solid-State Electrochemistry, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 269-278, 2014.
[24] L. Fu, Y. Zheng and A. Wang, “Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) functionalized reduced graphene oxide based electrochemical sensing platform for luteolin determination,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 3518-3529, 2015.
[25] H. Ibrahim, and Y. Temerk, “Novel sensor for sensitive electrochemical determination of luteolin based on In2O3 nanoparticles modified glassy carbon paste electrode,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 206, pp. 744-752, 2015.
[26] M. Bilgi and E. Ayranci, “Biosensor application of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with nanomaterials and a conducting polymer: Ethanol biosensors based on alcohol dehydrogenase,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 237, pp. 849-855, 2016.
[27] M. Sayhi, O. Ouerghi, K. Belgacem, M. Arbi, Y. Tepeli, A. Ghram, Ü. Anık, L. Österlund, D. Laouini and M. F. Diouani, “Electrochemical detection of influenza virus H9N2 based on both immunomagnetic extraction and gold catalysis using an immobilization-free screen printed carbon microelectrode,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 107, pp. 170-177, 2018.
[28] M. Bilgi and E. Ayranci, “Development of amperometric biosensors using screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with conducting polymer and nanomaterials for the analysis of ethanol, methanol and their mixtures,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 823, pp. 588-592, 2018.
[29] M. Altun, M. Bilgi Kamaç, A. Bilgi and M. Yılmaz, “Dopamine biosensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, polyneutral red and gold nanoparticle,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 451-467, 2020.
[30] A. Merkoçi, U. Anik, S. Çevik, M. Çubukçu and M. Guix, “Bismuth film combined with screen‐printed electrode as biosensing platform for phenol detection,” Electroanalysis, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1429-1436, 2010.
[31] M. Bilgi Kamaç, E. Kıymaz Onat and M. Yılmaz, “A novel non-enzymatic amperometric H2O2 sensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, polyneutralred and gold nanoparticles,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 408-418, 2020.
[32] M. Baghayeri, and M. Namadchian, “Fabrication of a nanostructured luteolin biosensor for simultaneous determination of levodopa in the presence of acetaminophen and tyramine: application to the analysis of some real samples,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 108, pp. 22-31, 2013.
[33] S. M. Golabi and D. Nematollahi, “Electrochemical study of catechol in ethanol: Application to the electro-organic synthesis of 4, 5-diethoxy-o-benzoquinone,” Bulletin of Electrochemistry, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 156-160, 1997.
[34] C. M. A. Brett and A. M. Oliveira Brett, “Electrochemistry: principles, methods, and applications,” Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
[35] J. A. Harrison and Z. A. Khan, Z. A “The oxidation of hydrazine on platinum in acid solution,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 131-138, 1970.