Kişilik: Tanımı, Sınıflaması ve Değerlendirmesi

Geçmişten bu yana insanları anlamak ve tanımak adına kişilikle ilgili birçok tanım ve sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Psikiyatrinin gelişim sürecindeki her kuram kişiliği kendi açısından tanımlamış ve değerlendirmiştir. Uluslararası sınıflama sistemleri, DSM ve ICD ile birlikte araştırmacılar daha yaygın ve ortak bir dil kullanımına yönelik çalışmalar içerine girmişlerdir. Kişiliğe yönelik çalışmalarda ve klinik uygulamada kategorik ve boyutsal yaklaşımlar en temel farklı yaklaşım biçimleridir. Kategorik yaklaşım kişiliğe birbirinden farklı sınıflardan oluşan dikotomilerle yaklaşırken, boyutsal yaklaşım kişiliğin belli boyutlardan oluşan bir yapı olduğunu öne sürerek bu boyutlar temelinde kişiliği anlama ve tanımlamayı amaçlamıştır. Kişiliğe ilişkin bu güne kadar oluşturulmuş tanımlar ve geliştirilmiş araçlar değerlendirildiğinde hepsinin bir takım avantaj ve dezavantajlara sahip oldukları görülmektedir. DSM-5 tanı sınıflamasının kişilik bozukluğuna ilişkin öneriler içeren bölümü incelendiğinde kişilik bozuklukları tanı grubunun yeni bulgular ve eleştiriler doğrultusunda yeniden yapılandırılmasının amaçlandığı görülmektedir. Bu yazıda kişiliğin tarihsel süreçteki tanımı, kişiliğe boyutsal, kategorik ve bilişsel yaklaşımlar, kişiliğin ölçüm ve değerlendirmesinde kullanılan araçların özellikleri gözden geçirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kişilik, tanımı, sınıflama, değerlendirme

Personality: Description, Classification and Evaluation

Many descriptions and classifications of personality have been made to understand and acknowledge human being through out the history. During the developmental process of psychiatry, almost every school defined and assessed personality regarding to their own perspective. As DSM (Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD (International Classification of Diseases) being available to common usage, scientists conducted studies to set a common terminology for personality. Categorical and dimensional approaches are the most fundamentally different assessment strategies in the research and clinical aspects about personality. While categorical approach views the personality as dichotomies which consists of different groups, dimensional approach aims to describe the personality on the basis of dimensions, thus suggests that the personality is a structure formed by definite dimensions. Several advantages and disadvantages can be noticed when descriptions of personality and tools for the evaluation of personality are reviewed. When the section making suggestions about personality disorder in DSM-5 is evaluated, it is seen that it aims to restructure the personality disorder diagnostic group according to new findings and critiques. In this article, the description of personality throughout the history, dimensional, categorical and cognitive approaches to personality, the features of the tools that are used to assess and measure the personality are reviewed.

Keywords:

Personality, description, classification, evaluation,

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