___

• Wilson GT. Eating disorders, obesity and addiction. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2010; 18:341-351.
• Michener W, Rozin P. Pharmacological versus sensory factors in the satiation of chocolate craving. Physiol Behav 1994; 56:419-422.
• Nasser JA, Bradley LE, Leitzsch JB, Chohan O, Fasulo K, Haller J et al. Psychoactive effects of tasting chocolate and desire for more chocolate. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:117-121.
• Moreno C, Tandon R. Should overeating and obesity be classified as an addictive disorder in DSM-5? Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:1128-1131.
• Volkow, ND, O’Brien CP. Issues for DSM-V: Should obesity be included as a brain disorder? Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:708-710.
• O’Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: A heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes 2008; 57:2905-2910.
• Devlin MJ. Is there a place for obesity in DSM-V? Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40:83-88.
• Avena NM, Gold MS. Food and addiction - sugars, fats and hedonic overeating. Addiction 2011; 106:1214-1215.
• Blundell JE, Finlayson G. Food addiction not helpful: the hedonic component - implicit wanting - is important. Addiction 2011; 106:1216-1218.
• Davis C, Curtis C, Levitan RD, Carter JC, Kaplan AS, Kennedy JL. Evidence that 'food addiction' is a valid phenotype of obesity. Appetite 2011; 57:711-717.
• Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:20-39.
• Simon GE, Von Korff M, Saunders K, Miglioretti DL, Crane PK, van Belle G et al. Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:824-830.
• Pandit R, de Jong JW, Vanderschuren LJ, Adan RA. Neurobiology of overeating and obesity: the role of melanocortins and beyond. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:28-42.
• Rogers PJ. Obesity - is food addiction to blame? Addiction 2011; 106:1213-1214.
• Gearhardt AN, Grilo CM, Dileone RJ, Brownell KD, Potenza MN. Can food be addictive? Public health and policy implications. Addiction 2011; 106:1208-1212.
• Patel MS, Srinivasan M, Laychock SG. Metabolic programming: role of nutrition in the immediate postnatal life. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:218-228.
• Luquet S, Magnan C. The central nervous system at the core of the regulation of energy homeostasis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009; 1:448-465.
• Saper CB, Chou TC, Elmquist JK. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 2002; 36:199-211.
• Hajnal A, Smith GP, Norgren R. Oral sucrose stimulation increases accumbens dopamine in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:31-37.
• Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience 2005; 134:737-744.
• Liang NC, Hajnal A, Norgren R. Sham feeding corn oil increases accumbens dopamine in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:1236-1239.
• Yakovenko V, Speidel ER, Chapman CD, Dess NK. Food dependence in rats selectively bred for low versus high saccharin intake: implications for "food addiction". Appetite 2011; 57:397-400.
• Lutter M, Nestler EJ. Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. J Nutr 2009; 139:629-632.
• Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior. J Nutr 2009; 139:623-628.
• Levine AS, Kotz CM, Gosnell BA. Sugars and fats: the neurobiology of preference. J Nutr 2003; 133:831-834.
• Davis CA, Levitan RD, Reid C, Carter JC, Kaplan AS, Patte KA et al. Dopamine for “wanting” and opioids for “liking”: a comparison of obese adults with and without binge eating. Obesity 2009; 17:1220-1225.
• Hamdi A, Porter J, Prasad C. Decreased striatal D2 dopamine receptors in obese Zucker rats: changes during aging. Brain Res 1992; 589: 338-340.
• Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. The role of dopamine in motivation for food in humans: implications for obesity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2002; 6:601-609.
• Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:635-641.
• Huang XF, Zavitsanou K, Huang X, Yu Y, Wang H, Chen F et al. Dopamine transporter and D2 receptor binding densities in mice prone or resistant to chronic high fat diet-incuded obesity. Behav Brain Res 2006; 175:415-419.
• Levine AS, Billington CJ. Opioids as agents of reward-related feeding: a consideration of the evidence. Physiol Behav 2004; 82:57-61.
• Unterwald EM. Regulation of opioid receptors by cocaine. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 937:74-92.
• Tanda G, Di Chiara G. A dopamine-mu1 opioid link in the rat ventral tegmentum shared by palatable food (Fonzies) and non-psychostimulant drugs of abuse. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:1179-1187.
• Zhang M, Gosnell BA, Kelley AE. Intake of high-fat food is selectively enhanced by mu opioid receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285:908-914.
• Zhang M, Kelley AE. Intake of saccharin, salt, and ethanol solutions is increased by infusion of a mu opioid agonist into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 2002; 159:415-423.
• Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE. A proposed hypothalamic-thalamic-striatal axis for the integration of energy balance, arousal, and food reward. J Comp Neurol 2005; 493:72-85.
• Avena NM, Rada P, Moise N, Hoebel BG. Sucrose sham feeding on a binge schedule releases accumbens dopamine repeatedly and eliminates the acetylcholine satiety response. Neuroscience 2006; 139:813-820.
• Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression. Obes Res 1995; 3:477-480.
• Homberg JR, la Fleur SE, Cuppen E. Serotonin transporter deficiency increases abdominal fat in female, but not male rats. Obesity 2010; 18:137-145.
• Bocarsly ME, Berner LA, Hoebel BG, Avena NM. Rats that binge eat fat-rich food do not show somatic signs or anxiety associated with opiate-like withdrawal: implications for nutrient-specific food addiction behaviors. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:865-872.
• O’Doherty JP, Deichmann R, Critchley HD, Dolan RJ. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 2002; 33:815-826.
• Small DM, Veldhuizen MG, Felsted J, Mak YE, McGlone F. Separable substrates for anticipatory and consummatory chemosensation. Neuron 2008; 578:786-797.
• Stice E, Spoor S, Ng J, Zald DH. Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:551-560.
• Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Small DM. Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqlA1 DRD2 gene. Science 2008; 322(5900):449- 452.
• Uher R, Yoganathan D, Mogg A, Eranti V, Treasure J, Campbell IC et al. Effect of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on food craving. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:840-842.
• Karhunen LJ, Lappalainen RI, Vanninen EJ, Kuikka JT, Uusitupa MI. Regional cerebral blood flow during food exposure in obese and normal-weight women. Brain
• Rothemund Y, Preuschhof C, Bohner G, Bauknecht H, Klingeblel R, Flor H et al. Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. Neuroimage 2007; 37:410-421.
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Logan J et al. Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage 2008; 42:1537-1543.
• Stice E, Spoor S, Ng J, Zald DH. Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:551-560.
• Del Parigi A, Chen K, Hill DO, Wing RR, Reiman E, Tataranni PA. Persistence of abnormal neural responses to a meal in potobese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28:370-377.
• Del Parigi A, Chen K, Salbe AD, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA. Sensory experience of food and obesity: a positron emission tomography study of the brain regions affected by tasting a liquid meal after a prolonged fast. Neuroimage 2005; 24:436-443.
• Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:635-641.
• Bowirrat A, Oscar-Berman M. Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and Reward Deficiency syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 132B(1):29-37.
• Davis C, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Carter J, Reid C, Curtis C et al. Reward sensitivity and the D2 dopamine receptor gene: a case-control study of binge eating disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:620-628.
• Epstein LH, Temple JL, Neaderhiser BJ, Salis RJ, Erbe RW, Leddy JJ. Food reinforcement, the dopamine D2 receptor genotype, and energy intake in obese and nonobese humans. Behav Neurosci 2007; 121:877-886.
• Van Strien T, Snoek HM, van der Zwaluw CS, Engels RC. Parental control and the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) interaction on emotional eating in adolescence. Appetite 2010; 54:255-261.
• Epstein LJ, Leddy JJ, Temple JL, Faith MS. Food reinforcement and eating: a multilevel analysis. Psychol Bull 2007; 133:884-906.
• Epstein LH, Wright SM, Paluch RA, Leddy JJ, Hawk LW Jr, Jaroni JL et al. Relation between food reinforcement and dopamine genotypes and its effect on food intake in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:82-88.
• Noaín D, Avale ME, Wedemeyer C, Calvo D, Peper M, Rubinstein M. Identification of brain neurons expressing the dopamine D4 receptor gene using BAC transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:2429-2438.
• Kaplan AS, Levitan RD, Yilmaz Z, Davis C, Tharmalingam S, Kennedy JL. A DRD4/BDNF gene-gene interaction associated with maximum BMI in women with bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41:22-28.
• Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldrigde JW, Zhuang X. Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher “wanting” but not “liking” for sweet rewards. J Neurosci
• South T, Huang XF. High-fat diet exposure increases dopamine D2 receptor and decreases dopamine transporter receptor binding density in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen of mice. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:598-605.
• Chen PS, Yang YK, Yeh TL, Lee IH, Yao WJ, Chiu NT et al. Correlation between body mass index and striatal dopamine transporter availability in healthy volunteers: a SPECT study. Neuroimage 2008; 40:275-279.
• Epstein L, Jaroni J, Paluch R, Leddy J, Vahue H, Hawk L et al. Dopamine transporter genotype as a risk factor for obesity in African-American smokers. Obesity 2002; 10:1232-1240.
• Matsumoto M, Weickert C, Akil M, Lipska B, Hyde T, Herman M et al. Catechol O-methyltransferase mRNA expression in human and rat brain: evidence for a role in cortical neuronal function. Neuroscience 2003; 116:127-137.
• Huotari M, Gogos J, Karayiorgou M, Koponen O, Forsberg M, Raasmaja A et al. Brain catecholamine metabolism in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:246-256.
• Boettiger CA, Mitchell JM, Tavares VC, Robertson M, Joslyn G, D'Esposito M et al. Immediate reward bias in humans: fronto-parietal networks and a role for the catechol-O-methyltransferase 158(Val/Val) genotype. J Neurosci 2007; 27(52):14383-14391.
• Vandenbergh DJ, Rodriguez LA, Miller IT, Uhl GR, Lachman HM. High-activity catechol-O-methyltransferaseallele is more prevalent in polysubstance abusers. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74:439-442.
• Smith G, Simmons J, Flory K, Annus A, Hill K. Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. J Abnorm Psychol 2007; 116:188-197.
• Bohon C, Stice E, Burton E. Maintenance factors for persistence of bulimic pathology: a community-based natural history study. Int J Eat Disord 2009; 42:173- 178.
• Goossens L, Braet C, Van Vlierberghe L, Mels S. Loss of control over eating in overweight youngsters: the role of anxiety, depression and emotional eating. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2009; 17:68-78.
• Sher K, Wood J, Wood P, Raskin G. Alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol use: a latent variable cross-lagged panel study. J Abnorm Psychol 1996; 105:561-574.
• Wetter DW, Kenford SL, Welsch SK, Smith SS, Fouladi RT, Fiore MC et al. Prevalence and predictors of transitions in smoking behavior among college students. Health Psychol 2004; 23:168-177.
• Womble LG, Williamson DA, Martin CK, Zucker NL, Thaw JM, Netemeyer R et al. Psychosocial variables associated with binge eating in obese males and females. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 30:217-221.
• Geliebter A, Aversa A. Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav 2003; 3:341-347.
• Chua JL, Touyz S, Hill AJ. Negative mood-induced overeating in obese binge eaters: an experimental study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28:606-610.
• Benton D, Owens D. Is raised blood glucose associated with the relief of tension? J Psychosom Res 1993; 37:723-735.
• Wells AS, Read NW, Laugharne JD, Ahluwalia NS. Alterations in mood after changing to a low-fat diet. Br J Nutr 1998; 79:23-30.
• Annagür BB. Obezitede çeşitli risk faktörleri ve dürtüsellik. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklaşımllar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2010; 2:572-582.
• Brownell KD, Farley T, Willett WC, Popkin BM, Chaloupka FJ, Thompson JW et al. The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugarsweetened beverages. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1599-1605.
• Campbell KJ, Crawford DA, Salmon J, Carver A, Garnett SP, Baur LA. Associations between the home food environment and obesity-promoting eating behaviors in adolescence. Obesity 2007; 15:719-730.
• Bowman S, Gortmaker S, Ebbeling C, Pereira M, Ludwig D. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics 2004; 113:112-118.
• Aksoydan E, Çakır N. Adölesanların beslenme alışkanlıkları, fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve vücut kitle indekslerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi 2011; 53:264- 270.
• Bancroft J, Vukadinovic Z. Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model. J Sex Res 2004; 41:225-234.
• Demet Güleç Öyekçin, Yrd.Doç.Dr., 18 Mart Üniversitesi Tıp Fakultesi Psikiyatri ABD, Çanakkale; Artuner
• Deveci, Doç.Dr., Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri ABD, Manisa