Afyonkarahisar’da Yapıtaşı Olarak Kullanılan Volkanik Tüflerin Gözenek Özellikleri
Tüfler yüzlerce yıldır yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tüflerin fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri, gözenek miktarı ve geometric özelliklerinden etkilenmektedir. Bu makalede, doğal yapı taşı olarak kullanılan Seydiler ve Ayazini (Afyonkarahisar- Türkiye) tüflerinin gözenek özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Tüflerin mineralojik ve petrografik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için; polarize optik mikroskop, XRD analizi ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) kullanılmıştır. Tüfler kuvars, feldispat kristallerinin yanı sıra; mafik mineral olarak biyotit ve kayaç parçacıkları içermektedir. SEM görüntüleri, tüflerde çok sayıda boşluk bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayazini ve Seydiler tüflerinde gözenekliliğin ortalama değeri % 37.3 ve % 36.0'dır. Gözenek boyut dağılımını belirlemek için cıva porozimetresi kullanılmıştır. Gözenek boyutları, Ayazini tüflerinde yaklaşık 200.000 - 10 nm ve Seydiler tüflerinde yaklaşık 7.000 - 10 nm arasında değişmektedir.
Pore Characterization of Volcanic Tuffs Used as Building Stone in Afyonkarahisar (Turkey)
The tuffs have been used as a building material for hundreds of years. The physical and mechanical properties of tuffs are affected by the amount of pore and its geometry. The pore characteristics of the building natural stone of Seydiler and Ayazini (Afyonkarahisar-Turkey) tuffs were investigated in this article. For determination of the mineralogical and petrographical properties of the tuff; a polarizing optical microscope, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. Tuffs are composed of a mineral assemblage of various crystals including quartz, feldspar; mafic mineral is biotite and rock particles with glass cement. SEM images show the presence of numerous voids in tuffs. The mean value of effective porosity of the Ayazini and Seydiler tuffs was 37.3% and 36.0%. Mercury porosimetry was used to determine the pore size distribution. Ayazini tuffs have pore sizes ranging from about 200.000 to 10 nm and Seydiler tuffs ranging from about 7.000 to 10 nm.
___
- Yasar E., Tolgay A. and Teymen A., “Industrial usage of
Nevsehir-Kayseri (Turkey) tuff stone”, World Appl Sci J,
7(3):271-284, (2009).
- Francalanci L., Innocenti F., Manetti P. and Savaşçın
M.Y., “Neogene alkaline volcanism of the Afyon –
Isparta area, Turkey: petrogenesis and geodynamic
implications”, Miner Petrol, 70:285-312, (2000).
- Yıldırım D. and Altunkaynak Ş., Geochemistry of
Neogene-Quaternary alkaline volcanism in western
Anatolia, Turkey and implications for the Aegean mantle,
Int Geol Rev, 52:579-607, (2010).
- Besang C., Eckhardt F.J., Harre W., Kreuzer H. and
Muller P. “Radiometricshe altersbestimmungen an
Neogenen eruptivgesteinen der Turkei”, Geol Jb B, 25:3-
36, (1977)
- Keller J. and Villari L., “Rhyolitic ignimbrites in the
region of Afyon (Central Anatolia)”, Bull Volcan,
36:342-358, (1972).
- Metin S., Genç Ş. and Bulut V., “The geology of Afyon”,
MTA Report Nu: 8103, (not Published) (in Turkish),
(1987). (2003).
- Chen T.C., Yeung M.R. and Mori N., “Effect of water
saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due to freeze–
thaw action”, Cold Reg Sci Technol, 38:127–136, (2004).
- Steindlberger E., “Volcanic tuffs from Hesse (Germany)
and their weathering behavior”, Environ Geol, 46:378-
390, (2004).
- Erguler Z.A., “Field-based experimental determination of
the weathering rates of the Cappadocian tuffs”, Eng Geol,
105:186-199, (2009).
- Yavuz A.B., “Durability assessment of the Alaçatı tuff
(Izmir) in western Turkey”, Environ Earth Sci, 67:1909-
1925, (2012).
- Topal T. and Doyuran V., “Engineering geological
properties and durability assessment of the Cappadocian
tuff”, Eng Geol, Vol.47(1-2):175-187, (1997).
- Chigira M., Nakamoto M. and Nakata E., “Weathering
mechanisms and their effects on the landsliding of
ignimbrite subject to vapor-phase crystallization in the
Shirakawa pyroclastic flow, Northern Japan”, Eng Geol,
66:111-125, (2002).
- Entwisle D.C., Hobbs P.R.N., Jones L.D., Gunn D. and
Raines M.G., “The relationships between effective
porosity, uniaxial compressive strength and sonic
velocity of intact Borrowdale volcanic group core
samples from Sellafield”, Geotech Geol Eng, 23:793-
809, (2005).
- Emir E., Konuk A. and Daloğlu G., “Strength
enhancement of Eskisehir tuff ashlars in Turkey”, Constr
Build Mater, 25(7):3014-3019, (2011).
- Pola A., Crosta G.B., Fusi N., Barberini V., Norini G. and
Pola Villasenor A., “Influence of alteration on physical
properties of volcanic rocks”, Tectonophysics, 566–
567:67-86, (2012).
- Palchik V., “Influence of porosity and elastic modulus on
uniaxial compressive strength insoft brittle porous
sandstones”, Rock Mech Rock Eng, 32(4):303–309,
(1999).
- Vásárhelyi B., “Influence of the water saturation on the
strength of volcanic tuffs”, ISRM International
Symposium - EUROCK 2002, November 25 - 27, 2002;
Madeira, Portugal, (2002).
- Palchik V. and Hatzor Y.H., “The influence of porosity
on tensile and compressive strength of porous chalk”,
Rock Mech Rock Eng, 37(4):331–341, (2004).
- Kahraman S., Gunaydin O. and Fener M., “The effect of
porosity on the relation between uniaxial compressive
strength and point load index”, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,
42(4):584-589, (2005).
- Vasarhelyi B. and Van P., “Influence of Water Content
on the Strength of Rock”, Eng Geol, 84:70–74, (2006).
- Ju Y., Yang Y.M., Song Z.D. and Xu WJ., “A statistical
model for porous structure of rocks”, Sci China Ser E,
51:11:2040-2058, (2008).
- Nimmo J.R., “Porosity and pore size distribution”. in:
Hillel D, ed. Encyclopedia of soils in the Environment,
London: Elsevier, 3:295-303, (2004).
- Fakhimi A. and Alavi Gharahbagh E., “Discrete element
analysis of the effect of pore size and pore distribution on
the mechanical behavior of rock”, Int J Rock Mech Min
Sci, 48(1):77-85, (2011).
- Ritter H.L. and Drake L.C., “Pore-size distribution in
porous
materials:
pressure
porosimeter
and
determinations of complete macropore-size distribution”,
Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed, 17:782, (1945).
- Pickell J.J., Swanson B.F. and Hickman W.B.,
“Application of air mercury and oil-air capillary pressure
data in the study of pore structure and fluid distribution”,
Soc Petrol Eng, J, 237:55-61, (1966).
- Klavetter E.A. and Peters R.R., “An evaluation of the use
of mercury porosimetry in calculating hydrologic
properties of tuffs from Yucca Mountain, Nevada”,
SAND86-0286,
Sandia
National
Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM, (1987).
- Vogt G.T., “Porosity, pore-size distribution and pore
surface area of Apache Leap Tuff near Superior, Arizona
using mercury intrusion”, Unpublished master's thesis,
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources,
University of Arizona, Tucson, 130 p. (1988).
- Nwaubani S.O., Mulheron M., Tilly G.P. and
Schwamborn B., “Pore-structure and water transport
properties of surface-treated building stones”, Mater
Struct, 33:198-206, (2000).
- Roels S., Elsen J., Carmeliet J. and Hens H.,
“Characterisation of pore structure by combining
mercury porosimetry and micrography”, Mater Struct,
34(2):76-82, (2001).
- Schoelkopf J., Gane P.A.C., Ridgway C.J. and Matthews
G.P., “Practical observation of deviation from Lucas-
Washburn scaling in porous media”, Colloid Surface
Physicochem Eng Aspect, 206:445-454, (2002).
- Yang C.C. and Chiang C.T., “On the relationship between
pore structure and charge passed from RCPT in mineral-
free cement-based materials”, Mater Chem Phys,
93(1):202-207, (2005).
- Šperl J. and Trčková J., “Permeability and porosity of
rocks and their relationship based on laboratory testing”,
Acta Geodyn Geomater, 5(149):41-47, (2008).
- Angeli M., Benavente D., Bigas J.P., Menéndez B.,
Hébert R. and David C., “Modification of the porous
network by salt crystallization in experimentally
weathered sedimentary stones”, Mater Struct,
41(6):1091–1108, (2008).
- García-Del-Cura M.A., Benavente D., Martínez-Martínez
J. and Cueto N., “Sedimentary structures and physical
properties in travertine and carbonate tufa building
stone”, Constr Build Mater, 28:456-467, (2012).
- Vacchiano C.D., Incarnato L., Scarfato P., Acierno D.,
“Conservation of tuff-stone with polymeric resins”,
Constr Build Mater, 22(5):855-865, (2008).
- Anselmetti F.S., Luthi S. and Eberli G.P., “Quantitative
characterization of carbonate pore systems by digital
image analysis”, AAPG Bulletin, 82(10):1815–1836,
(1991).
- Abell A.B., Willis K.L. and Lange D.A., “Mercury
Intrusion porosimetry and image analysis of cement-
based materials”, J Colloid Interf Sci, 211:39-44, (1999).
[
Atzeni C., Sanna U. and Spanu N., “Some mechanisms of
microstructure weakening in high-porous calcareous
stones”, Mater Struct, 39:525–531, (2006).
- Lu S., Landis E.N. and Keane D.T., (2006) “X-ray
microtomographic studies of pore structure and
permeability in Portland cement concrete”, Mater Struct,
39:611–620,
- Loucks R.G., Reed R.M., Ruppel S.C. and Jarvie D.M.,
“Morphology, genesis and distribution of nanometer-
scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian
Barnett shale”, J Sediment Res, 79:848-861, (2009).
- De La Fuente S., Cuadros J., Fiore S. and Linares J.,
“Electron microscopy study of volcanic tuff alteration to
illite-smectite under hydrothermal conditions”, Clays
Clay Miner, 48:339–50, (2000).
- Liu C., Shi B., Zhou J. and Tang C., “Quantification and
characterization of microporosity by image processing,
geometric measurement and statistical methods:
application on SEM images of clay materials”, Appl Clay
Sci, 54(1):97-106, (2011).
- Giesche H., “Mercury porosimetry: A general (Practical)
overview”, Part Syst Char, 23:1-11, (2006).
- Klobes P., Meyer K., Munro R.G., “Porosity and specific
surface area measurements for solid materials”, NIST
Recommended Practice Guided, Special Publication,
960-17, (2006).
- Sing K.S.W., Everett D.H., Haul R.A.W., Moscou L.,
Pierotti R.A. and Rouquerol Jiemieniewska T.,
“Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with
special reference to the determination of surface area and
porosity”, Pure Appl Chem, 57(4):603-619, (1985).
- Ergül A., “Investigation of the effect on physico-
mechanic characteristics of the water content dependent
upon porosity in the tuffs used as a building stone in
Afyonkarahisar”, Master of Science Thesis, Afyon
Kocatepe University, Graduate School of Natural and
Applied Science, Mining Engineering Department,
117p. (Unpublished). (2009).
- Webb P.A. and Orr C., “Analytical methods in fine
particle technology”, Micromeritics Instrument
Corporation, Norcross, 303 p. (1997).