Ksenophon’un «Onbinleri» ve Paralı Askerlerden Oluşan Bir Ordunun Dağlık Arazide Lojistiği

Atinalı Ksenophon İÖ 380 dolaylarında kaleme aldığı Anabasis adlı eserinde en az 13.000 paralı asker-den oluşan ve ‘Onbinler’ veya ‘Kyros yandaşları’ olarak bilinen Yunan ordusunun Babylonia’daki Kunaksa’dan Karadeniz sahillerinde denize kadar olan eve dönüş yürüyüşünü tasvir etmektedir. Böyle büyük bir ordunun (artçı birlikleri ve kervanıyla birlikte) besin ihtiyacı, özellikle 401/400 kışında Kardukhia’ya girmesinden itibaren, Batı ve Kuzey Ermenistan’a devam ederek Pontos kıyı dağlarına kadar Orta Anadolu’yu geçtiği tüm güzergâh boyunca nasıl karşılanabildi? Bu ordunun levazımatı nasıl yapıldı, ordudaki görevlilerin Onbinlerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamadaki rolleri neydi? Lojistik için herhangi bir idari mekanizma ve organizasyon söz konusu muydu? Ordu henüz Trapezous’ta iken tüm yürüyüş esnasında vuku bulan insan kayıplarının nedenleri arasında açlık ve susuzluğa değinmeyen Ksenophon’a güvenilebilir mi? Elbette hayır: Anabasis’in 4. kitabı hastalık ve ölüm sebebi olarak açlığın yol açtığı zorluklara dair bölümler içermektedir. Yazar bu bilgileri de değerlendirerek Onbinlerin lojistik sorunları nasıl çözmeye çalıştıklarına aydınlık getirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ksenophon, Anabasis, lojistik/tedarik, sefer güzergâhı, düşman arazi, köyler/köy öbeği, pazarlar, görevliler, yönetim, syskenia

«Es leben die Soldaten, / der Bauer gibt den Braten, / der Winzer gibt den Most, / das ist Soldatenkost…» Die «Zehntausend» des Xenophon und die Logistik der Söldnerarmee im Gebirge

In his Anabasis (written around 380 B.C.) Xenophon of Athens describes a Greek Army of at least 13.000 mercenaries, the so called ‘Ten Thousand’ or ‘Cyreans’, on their march back from Cunaxa in Babylonia to the sea on the Euxine coast. How could such a large army (and its followers and train) be fed throughout the route, especially in winter 401/400 from their en-try into Carduchia, then continuing into western and northern Armenia and traversing central Anatolia as far as the Pontic coastal mountains? How was the army supplied, and what role did the officers play in provisioning the Ten Thousand? Was there any administration and or-ganization of logistics? What role did villages and village clusters play in the mountains? Is Xenophon to be trusted when he finally, in Trapezunt, does not even mention hunger and thirst as a reason for human losses on the march? Certainly not: Book IV of the Anabasis def-initely includes episodes of suffering from hunger as a reason for illness and death.

Keywords:

Xenophon, Anabasis, logistics/provisioning, march route, hostile landscape, villages/village cluster, markets, officers, administration, syskenia,

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