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• Şener Aktürk, Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia and Turkey, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• İçduygu et al., Türkiye’nin Uluslar arası Göç Politikaları.
• İçduygu, “Den Nationalstaat errichten und bewahren, auch in der globalisierten Welt”.
• Among the legal and administrative steps taken during this period regarding immigrants are the establishment on the General Directorate on Land Affairs and Settlement (1950) and the Law on Residence and Travel of Aliens (1950).
• Nermin Abadan-Unat, Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus-ötesi Yurttaşlığa, İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2002; Ahmet İçduygu, “Demographic Mobility over Turkey: Migration Experiences and Government Responses”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Fall 2004), p. 88.
• İçduygu, “Den Nationalstaat errichten und bewahren”.
• İçduygu et al., Türkiye’nin Uluslar arası Göç Politikaları.
• Turkey signed bilateral labour recruitment agreements with the following: Federal Germany (1961), United Kingdom (1961), Austria (1964), Netherlands (1964), Belgium (1964), France (1965), Sweden (1967), Australia (1967), Switzerland (1971), Denmark (1973) and Norway (1981).
• Ahmet Akgündüz, Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe-1960-1974, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 2006. 18 Ibid.
• These include,the Ministry of Labour and Social Security Overseas Branch, First Five year Development Plan (1963-1967) (1963), Law on Housing and Artisan Loans and Lending Money to Workers Abroad (1964) DG on Overseas Workers’ Problems (1972), Second Five Year Development Plan (1968-1973) (1968), Coordination Committees on the Problems of Workers and Citizens Abroad, Village Development Cooperatives and State Industry and Workers’ Investment Bank (1975).
• Sabri Sayarı, “Migration Policies of Sending Countries”, Annals, Vol. 485 (May 1986), pp. 87-97; Philip Martin, The Unfinished Story: Turkish Labor Migration to Europe, Geneva, International Labor Office, 1991.
• Ahmet İçduygu, “50 Years After the Labour Recruitment Agreement with Germany: The Consequences of Emigration for Turkey”, Perceptions, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 11-36.
• Ahmet İçduygu, “Migration, Remittances and Their Impact on Economic Development in Turkey”, OECD SOPEMI Country Report for Turkey, 2005.
• Ahmet İçduygu, “International Migration and Turkey”, OECD SOPEMI Country Report for Turkey, Istanbul, MiReKoc, Koç University, 2011. Even though the declining trend of remittances since 1999 is obvious, the reason for the sharp decline since 2002 is not so clear, partly due to the rising tendency towards migrants’ decision for permanent settlement, and partly due to the increasing informal channels of remittances and changing calculations.
• Ahmet İçduygu and Deniz Sert, “Consequences of Transnational Citizenship for Migrant Sending Countries: A Debate on Dual Citizenship”, Transnationalisation and Institutional Transformations, Collected Working Papers from the TRANS-NET Project, Bielefeld, 2010.
• Nermin Abadan-Unat, Turks in Europe, From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen, New York, Berghahn Books, 2011.
• Özge Bilgili and Melissa Siegel, Understanding the Changing Role of the Turkish Diaspora, (No. 039), United Nations University, Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation and Technology, 2011.
• Data is gathered from UNCTAD statistics on “Inward and outward direct investment flows”, at http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx [last visited 10 July 2013].
• Law No. 2510 on Settlement (1934), Law No. 5683 on Residence and Travel for Aliens in Turkey (1950), the Passport Law No. 5682 (1950) and Turkish Citizenship Law No. 403 (1981).
• Can Ünver, “Changing Diaspora Politics of Turkey and Public Diplomacy”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2013).
• Eva Østergaard-Nielsen, “The Politics of Migrants’ Transnational Political Practices”, International Migration Review, Vol. 37, No. 3 (September 2003), pp. 760-786; Gamze Avcı, “Religion, Transnationalism and Turks in Europe”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2 (June 2005), pp. 201-213; Liza Mügge, “Managing Transnationalism: Continuity and Change in Turkish State Policy”, International Migration, Vol. 50, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 20-38.
• Mügge, “Managing Transnationalism”.
• Ahmet İçduygu, “Citizenship at the Crossroads: Immigration and the Nation State”, in Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (eds.), Globalization: Theory and Practice, New York, Pinter, 1996; Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu, “Country Report: Turkey”, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, 210, at http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/ CountryReports/Turkey.pdf [last visited 10 July 2013].
• Eva Østergaard-Nielsen, “Trans-State Loyalties and Politics of Turks and Kurds in Western Europe”, SAIS Review, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter- Spring 2000), p. 108.
• Ünver, “Changing Diaspora Politics of Turkey and Public Diplomacy”, p.185.
• Kadirbeyoğlu, “Country Report: Turkey”.
• Philippe Fargues, “International Migration and the Nation State in Arab Countries”, Middle East Law and Governance, Vol. 5, No. 1-2 (2013). 38 Ibid, p .5.
• Michael Marcus, The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1985.
• Aristide Zolberg, “The Formation of New States as a Refugee-generating Process”, ANNALS (AAPSS), Vol. 467, pp. 24-38.
• Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 2nd Edition, New York, The Guilford Press, 1997.
• Peter Stalker, Age of Migration and Workers without Frontiers, London, MacMillan, 2000.
• Ahmet İçduygu and Fuat Keyman, “Globalization, Security and Migration: The Turkish Case”, Global Governance, Vol. 6, No. 3 (2000), pp. 383-398.
• Ahmet İçduygu, “Turkey and International Migration”, OECD SOPEMI Country Report for Turkey, Istanbul, MiReKoc, Koç University, 2012. For the details of the figures, see various OECD SOPEMI Reports for Turkey.
• “Accession Partnership” documents lay down the tasks that Turkey has to implement to harmonize its laws and policies with that of the EU acquis. There is a whole section relating to issues under immigration. The most recent one is Accession Partnership Strategy for Turkey, Council Decision, 18 February 2008.
• The Action Plan on “Asylum and Migration” was officially adopted by the Turkish government on 25 March 2005. It is available with a book entitled Asylum and Migration Legislation, Ankara, MOI and UNHCR, February 2006, at www.unhcr.org.tr. The Border Management Action Plan was adopted 27 March 2006, National Action Plan towards the Implementation of Turkey’s Integrated Border Management Strategy, Ankara, MOI, March 2006. This Action Plan too touches upon issues to do with immigration.
• James Hollifield, “The Emerging Migration State”, International Migration Review, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Fall 2004), pp. 885-912.
• For detailed information on current visa requirements, see, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa. [last visited 18 September 2013].
• Kemal Kirişci, “A Friendlier Schengen Visa System as a Tool of ‘Soft Power’: The Experience of Turkey”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2005), pp. 343-367.
• T.C. Başbakanlık Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, “Yurtdışı Vatandaşlar Danışma Kurulu”, 2013.
• Kemal Yurtnaç “Başkan’dan. Üçüncü yıl biterken…”, Artı 90 Dergisi, 2013.
• “El Turco Açılımı”, at http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25364645/ [last visited 9 July 2013].