Public Participation in the Environmental Undertaking in the Trans Pacific Partnership a Listening Approach.

There are few more urgent topics than public participation within international free trade agreements (FTAs).  The problem of public participation in international trade has been identified in the literature as a core democratic issue facing trade governance in the 21st century.  For it has been acknowledged that free trade agreements have within them the means to create for international society inequality or equality, to create innovation or monopolization, food sustainability and security, or to have large agriculture investments devoid of connections to the land or society. Public Participation is essential to promote the best version of FTAs in which humanised ethical development of FTAs occurs, rather than to allow FTAs to become constraining and unequal legal structures. This article draws on the pre-existing literature from international law and listening scholarship and also evidence established through a participatory action process undertaken by this author in the area of an FTA. The article melds these pre-existing ideas. Through this article it is envisaged that the public is introduced to one core point, silence in the ongoing operation and functioning of a FTA is a breach of the State’s obligation to the public. The public can expect, both legally under the FTA and as a political participatory listening subject, to have on-going narratives about the working of FTAs. The case study used is the environmental chapter, in the TPP, which is currently under negotiation, to demonstrate that international society should expect to listen to narratives around the reconciliation of trade and the environment.

___

  • Anu, A. K. (2015, 14 April). AIIB miles ahead of TPP in promoting integration. East Asia Forum. Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/04/14/aiib-miles-ahead-of-tpp-in-promoting-integration/.
  • Beard, D. (2009). A broader understanding of the ethics of listening: Philosophy, cultural studies, media studies and the ethical listening subject. The International Journal of Listening 23(1), 7– 20.
  • Bickford, S. (1996). Listening, conflict, and citizenship: The dissonance of democracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Bodie, G., Cyr, K., Pence, M., Rold, M. & Honeycutt, J. (2012). Listening competence in initial interactions I: Distinguishing between what listening is and what listeners do. International Journal of Listening, 26, 1–28.
  • Bonzon, Y. (2008). Institutionalizing public participation in WTO decision making: Some conceptual hurdles and avenues. Journal of International Economic Law, 11, 751–777.
  • Bonzon, Y. (2010). Options for public participation in the WTO: Experience from regional trade agreements. In D. P. Steger (Ed.). Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the twenty-first century (pp. 287–309). Ottawa: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • Butt, J. (2010). Do musical works contain an implied listener? Towards the theory of musical listening. Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 135(S1), 5–18.
  • Capling, A. & Ravenhill, J. (2011). Multilateralising regionalism: What role for the trans-pacific partnership agreement? The Pacific Review 24, 553.
  • Carmody, C. (2008). A Theory of WTO law. Journal of International Economic Law, 11(3) 527–557.
  • Carmody, C., Garcia F. J., & Linarelli, J. (Eds). (2012). Global justice and international economic law: Opportunities and prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Catt-Oliason, J. (2005) Essay: On the dissonance of democracy: Listening, conflict, and citizenship. International Journal of Listening, 19, 48–50.
  • Charnovitz, S. (2004). Transparency in participation in the World Trade Organization. Rutgers Law Review, 56, 927–960.
  • Cho, S. (2012). Beyond rationality: A sociological construction of the World Trade Organization. Virginia Journal of International Law, 52, 321–354.
  • Cottier, T. (2010). A two-tier approach to WTO decision-making. In D. P. Steger (Ed.). Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the twenty-first century. Ottawa: Wilfrid Laurier University Press,
  • Crary, J. (2001). Suspensions of perception: attention, spectacle, and modern culture. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
  • Crawford, K. (2009). Following you: Disciplines of listening in social media. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 23(4): 525–535.
  • Dobson, A. (2014). Listening for democracy: Recognition, representation, reconciliation. Oxford, UK: Oxford: University Press.
  • Fergusson, I. F., McMinimy, M. A. & Williams, B. R. (2015). The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Negotiations and issues for congress. (CRS Report No. R42694). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42694.pdf.
  • Gehrke, P. (2009). Introduction to listening, ethics, and dialogue: Between the ear and the eye: A synaesthetic introduction to listening ethics. International Journal of Listening, 23(1), 1–6.
  • Hirsch, M. (2008). The sociology of international economic law: Sociological analysis of the regulation of regional agreements in the world trading system. European Journal of International Law, 19, 277–299.
  • Holifield, B. (2013). Listening for an ecological self. Jung Journal, 7(1): 48–61.
  • Howse, R. (2002). From politics to technocracy—and back again: the fate of the multilateral trading regime. American Journal of International Law 96, 94 –.
  • Kelsey, J. (Ed.) (2010). No Ordinary Deal: Unmasking the Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade agreement. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
  • Koskinen, C. & Lindström, U. Å. (2013). Listening to the otherness of the other: Envisioning listening based on a Hermeneutical reading of Lévinas’ International Journal of Listening, 27(3), 146–156.
  • Lang, A. T. F. (2006). Reconstructing embedded liberalism: John Gerard Ruggie and constructivist approaches to the study of the international trade regime. Journal of International Economic Law, 9(1), 81–116.
  • LaForgia, R. (2012, 5 September). Submission regarding the inclusion of a Public Participation obligation within the TPP. Retrieved from http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/tpp/submissions/Documents/tpp_sub_public_participation_LaForgia_050912.pdf.
  • LaForgia, R. Submission to the Commonwealth Treaty-Making process inquiry by the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. Retrieved from http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCMQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FDocumentStore.ashx%3Fid%3D5021e342-5df6-4ffd-ad68-559d10ebb6e3%26subId%3D303996&ei=N9x0VcGyEsyA8gWzi4K4Dw&usg=AFQjCNGrAakUPL-R9-XYYQmNwi4RKt6vTw&bvm=bv.95039771,d.dGc.
  • Lester, S. (2011, 12 April). Measuring the Benefits of Trade Agreements. International Economic Law and Policy Blog. Retrieved from http://worldtradelaw.typepad.com/ielpblog/2011/04/measuring-the-benefits-of-trade-agreements.html.
  • Lewis, M. K. (2011). The Trans-Pacific Partnership: New paradigm or wolf in sheep’s clothing? Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 34, 27–52.
  • Malvern, J. (2015, May 28). Race against time to save voices of yesteryear. The Times, reproduced in The Australian, p. 15.
  • Murphy, T. Government procurement and labour issues. In J. Kelsey (Ed.) (2010). No Ordinary Deal: Unmasking the Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade agreement. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
  • Nanz, P. & Steffek, J. (2004). Global Governance, Participation and the Public Sphere. Government and Opposition, 39(2), 314–335.
  • OECD (2007). Chapter 5: Environment and Regional Trade Agreements.
  • Orford, A. (2006). International law and its others. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Orford, A. (2006). Trade, human rights and the economy of sacrifice. In A. Orford (Ed.), International law and its others (pp. 156–196). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ranald, P. (2010). The politics of the Trans-Pacific Partnership in Australia. In J. Kelsey (Ed.) No Ordinary Deal: Unmasking the Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade agreement. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
  • Romm, N. R. A. (2010). New Racism: Revisiting Researcher Accountabilities. Netherlands: Springer.
  • Venzke, I. (2009). Legal contestation about ‘enemy combatants’: On the exercise of power in legal interpretation. Journal of International Law and International Relations, 5(1), 155–184.
  • Wiener, W. (2009). Enacting meaning-in-use: Qualitative research on norms and international relations. Review of International Studies, 35, 175–193.