İÇME VE SULAMA SULARINDA BOR KİRLİLİĞİ VE BOR GİDERME YÖNTEMLERİ

Periyodik cetvelin 3A grubunda yer alan bor yüksek iyonlaşma potansiyeline sahip olması nedeniyle yarı metal olarak kabul edilir. Yerkabuğundaki ortalama bor konsantrasyonu 10 mg/kg'dır. Bor doğada Ca, Na ve Mg'un tuzları şeklinde bulunur. Yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ve ekonomik boyutlardaki bor yatakları; borun oksijen ile bağlanmış bileşikleri şeklinde daha çok Türkiye ve ABD'nin kurak, volkanik ve hidrotermal aktivitesi olan bölgelerinde bulunmaktadır. Bor, bitkiler için gerekli bir mikro besin elementi olmanın yanı sıra, gerekli tüm besin elementleri içerisinde, eksiklik belirtilerine neden olan miktarı ile toksik etki yapan miktarı, birbirine çok yakın olan tek elementtir. Bor su ortamında genellikle borik asit ve kısmen de borat tuzları formlarında bulunmaktadır. Pek çok endüstride kullanım alanı bulan bor bileşiklerinin endüstriyel gelişmelere bağlı olarak yüzeysel sularda bulunan konsantrasyonu artış göstermektedir. Yüzeysel sularda bulunan bor aynı zamanda evsel atıksulardan da kaynaklanmaktadır. Türkiye'de içme ve sulama sularını en çok kirleten toksik elementlerin başında bor gelmektedir. Bu nedenle bor giderimi hem insan sağlığı açısından hem de sağlıklı tarım ürünü yetiştirilebilmesi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Sulardan bor giderimi için uygulanan temel yöntemler arasında iyon değişimi, ultrafiltrasyon, ters osmoz ve adsorbsiyon gelmektedir

BORON CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING-IRRIGATION WATER AND BORON REMOVAL METHODS

Boron presents in IIIA group of periodic table and has high ionization capacity. Therefore it is classified as a metalloid. Average boron concentration in earth’s crust is 10 mg/kg. It presents in the environment as a salts of Ca, Na, and Mg. Boron reserves having high concentration and economical extent are found mostly in Turkey and in arid, volcanic and high hydrothermal activity regions of U.S. as compounds of boron attached to oxygen. Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants, although it may be toxic at higher levels. The range in which it is converted from a nutrient to a contaminant is quite narrow. Boron presents in water environment as a boric acid and rarely borate salts. The main boron sources, whose presence is detected in surface waters, are urban wastes and industrial wastes, which can come from a wide range of different activities as well as several chemical products used in agriculture. In Turkey, the most pollutant toxic element in drinking and irrigation water is boron. Therefore boron removal is very important in terms of human health and agricultural products in high quality. Mainly boron removal methods from drinking water and irrigation water are ion exchange, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption

PDF

___

[1] Çalık, A., “Türkiye`nin Bor Madenleri ve Özellikleri”, Mühendis ve Makine Dergisi, 508, 36-41, 2002.
[2] Badruk, M,. Kabay, N., Demircioglu, M,. Mordogan, H., Ipekoglu, U., “Removal of Boron fromWastewater of Geothermal Power Plant by Selective Ion-Exchange Resins-Batch Sorption-Elution Studies”, Separation Science and Technology, 34 (13), 2553-2569, 1999.
[3] Volska, J., Bryjak, M., Kabay, N., “Polymeric microspheres with N-methyl-D-glucamine ligands for boron removal from water solution by adsorption–membrane filtration process”, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32, 349-352, 2010.
[4] Ünlü, M.Ü., Bilen, M., Gürü, M., “Kütahya-Emet bölgesi yeraltı sularında bor ve arsenik kirliliğinin araştırılması”, Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 26, (4), 753-760, 2011.
[5] Kabay, N., Yilmaz, I., Bryjak, M., Yüksel, M., “Removal of boron from aqueous solutions by ion Exchange membrane hybrid process”, Desalination, 198, 74-81, 2006.
[6] Hilal, N., Kim, G.J., Somerfield, C., “Boron removal from saline water: A comprehensive review”, Desalanition, 273 (1), 23-25, 2011.
[7] Poslu, K., Arslan, İ.H., “Dünya bor mineralleri ve bileşikleri üretiminde Türkiye’nin yeri”, Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu, 33-34, 1995.
[8] Buluttekin, M.B., “Bor maden ekonomisi: Türkye’nin dünya bor piyasasındaki yeri”, 2. Ulusal İktisat Kongresi, İzmir, 1-36, 2008.
[9] Harite, Ü., Pamukta bor toksisitesine dayanıklılık, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ZTO-YL-2008-0001, 2008.
[10] Brown, P.H., Bellaloui, N., Wimmer, M.A., Bassil, E.S., Ruiz, J., Hu, H., Pfeffer, H., Dannel, F., Romheld, V., “Boron in plant biology”, Plant Biol., 4, 205-223, 2002.
[11] Reid, R., “Update on boron toxicity and tolerance in plants”, in: F. Xu,H.E.Goldbach, P.H. Brown, R.W. Bell, T. Fujiwara, C.D. Hunt, S. Goldberg, L. Shi (Eds.), Advances in plant and animal boron nutrition: Proceedings of the 3 rd International symposiumon all aspects of plant and animal boron nutrition, Springer, Dordrecht, 2007.
[12] Blevins, D.G., Lukaszewski, K.M., “Boron in plant structure and function”, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49, 481–500, 1998.
[13] Bolanos, L., Lukaszewski, K., Bonilla, I., Blevins, D., “Why boron?”, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42, 907–912, 2004.
[14] Goldbach, H.E., Wimmer, M.A., “Boron in plants and animals: Is there a role beyond cell-wall structure?” J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.-Z. Pflanzenernahrung Bodenkunde 170, 39-48, 2007.
[15] Parks, J.L., Edwards, M., “Boron in the environment”, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 35 (2), 81-114, 2005.
[16] Kabay, N., Guler, E., Bryjak, M., “Boron in seawater andmethods for its separation-a review”, Desalination 261 (3), 212-217, 2010.
[17] Wei, Y., Zheng, Y., Chen, J.P., “Design and fabrication of an innovative and environmental friendly adsorbent for boron removal”, Water Research, 45, 2297-2305, 2011.
[18] Rainey, C.J., Nyquist, L.A., Christensen, R.E., Strong, P.L., Dwight Culver, B., Coughlin, J.R., “Daily boron intake from the American diet”, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 99, 335-340, 1999.
[19] Hunt, C.D., “Dietary boron: an overview of the evidence for its role in immune Function”, J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16, 291–306, 2003.
[20] Fort, D.J., Stover, E.L., Strong, P.L., Murray, F.J., Keen, C.L., “Chronic feeding of a low boron diet adversely affects reproduction and development in Xenopus laevis”, J. Nutr. 129, 2055-2060, 1999.
[21] Bai, Y.S., Hunt, C.D., “Dietary boron enhances efficacy of cholecalciferol in broiler Chicks”, J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 9, 117–132, 1996.
[22] Sarıiz, K., Nuhoğlu, İ., “Endüstriyel hammadde yatakları ve madenciliği”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, Eskişehir, 1992.
[23] Balkı, N., “Simav Çay’ının bor kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi ve kirliliğe neden olan atıksuların adsorbsiyon ile arıtılma yöntemlerinin araştırılması”, Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1982. [24] Şener, S., Özkara, M., “The boron pollution of Simav Creek waters and its effects on the soils and agricultural crops of Balıkesir Region”, Köy Hizmetleri, Bitki, Toprak ve Su Araştırma Enstitüsü, İzmir, 411-420, 1988.
[25] Harada, A., Takagi, T., Kataoka, S., Yamamoto, T., Endo, A., “Boron adsorption mechanism on polyvinyl alcohol”, Adsorption, 17, 171-178, 2011. [26] Duderstadt, J.J., Hamilton, L.J., “Nuclear reactor analysis”, Wiley, New York, 1976.
[27] Polat, M., “Türkiye’de ve dünyada bor ve bor teknoloji uygulamalarının araştırlması”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 1-6, 1987.
[28] Wyness, A.J., Parkman, R.H., Neal, C., “A summary of boron surface water quality data throughout the European Union”, The Science of the Total Environment, 314, 255- 269, 2003.
[29] Xu, Y., Jiang, J.Q., “Technologies for boron removal”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47 (1), 16-24, 2008.
[30] Garci´a-Soto, M.M.F., Camacho, E.M., “Boron removal by means of adsorption with magnesium oxide”, Sep. Purif. Technol., 48, 36, 2006.
[31] Yüksel, S., Yürüm, Y., “Removal of Boron from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Using Fly Ash, Zeolite, and Demineralized Lignite”. Separation Science and Technology, 45, 105-115, 2010.
[32] Kavak, D., “Removal of boron from aqueous solutions by batch adsorption on calcined alunite using experimental design”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 308-314, 2009.
[33] Dinçer, A.R., “Use of activated sludge in biological treatment of boron containing wastewater by fed-batch operation”, Process Biochem. 39, 721-728, 2004.
[34] Öztürk, N., Kavak, D., “Boron removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption using full factorial design”, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 12, 1450-1456, 2003.
[35] Eaton, S.V., “Effects of boron deficiency and excess on plants”, Plant Physiol. 15, 95-107, 1940.
[36] Nadav, N., “Boron removal from seawater reverse osmosis permeate utilizing selective ion exchange resin”, Desalination, 124, 131-135, 1999.
[37] Tarasenko, N.Y., Kasparov, A.A., Strongina, O.M., “Effect of boric-acid on the generative function in males”, Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 16, 13-16, 1972.
[38] Lee, I.P., Sherins, R.J., Dixon, R.L., “Evidence for induction of germinal aplasia in male rats by environmental exposure to boron”, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 45, 577-590, 1978.
[39] Ku, W.W., Chapin, R.E., Moseman, R.F., Brink, R.E., Pierce, K.D., Adams, K.Y., “Tissue disposition of boron inmale Fischer rats”, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 111, 145-151, 1991.
[40] Baykut, F., Aydın, A., Baykut, S., “Çevre Sorunları ve Korunma”, İTÜ Yayım No: 3449, 419 s. 1987.
[41] Yılmaz, A.E., Boncukoğlu, R., Kocakerim, M.M., “A quantitative comparison between electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation for boron removal from boroncontaining solution”, J. Hazard. Mater. 149, 475-481, 2007.
[42] Yılmaz, A.E., Boncukoğlu, R., Kocakerim, M.M., Keskinler, B., “The investigation of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation method”. J. Hazard. Mater. B125, 160-165, 2005.
[43] Öztürk, N., Köse, T.E., “Boron removal from aqueous solutions by ion-exchange resin: Batch studies”, Desalination 227, 233-240, 2008.
[44] Cengeloglu, Y., Tor, A., Arslan, G., Ersoz, M., Gezgin, S., “Removal of boron from aqueous solution by using neutralized red mud”, J. Hazard. Mater. 142, 412-417, 2007.
[45] Öztürk, N., Kavak, D., “Boron removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on waste sepiolite and activated waste sepiolite using full factorial design”, Adsorption 10, 245-257, 2004.
[46] Cengeloglu, Y., Arslan, G., Tor, A., Kocak, I., Dursun, N., “Removal of boron from water by using reverse osmosis”, Separation Science and Technology 64, 141-146, 2008.
[47] Öztürk, N., Kavak, D., Köse, T.E., “Boron removal from aqueous solution by reverse osmosis”, Desalination 223, 1-9, 2008.
[48] Glueckstern, P., Priel, M., “Optimization of boron removal in old and new SWRO systems”. Desalination 156, 219-228, 2003.
[49] Karahan, S., Yurdakoc, M., Seki, Y., Yurdakoc, K., “Removal of boron from aqueous solution by clays and modified clays”. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 293 (1), 36-42, 2006.
[50] Kluczka, J., Trojanowska, J., Zolotajkin, M., Ciba, J., Turek, M., Dydo, P., “Boron removal from wastewater using adsorbents”. Environmental Technology 28 (1), 105-113, 2007.
[51] Nadav, N., Priel, M., Glueckstern, P., “Boron removal from the permeate of a large SWRO plant in Eilat”. Desalination 185 (1-3), 121-129, 2005.
[52] Prats, D., Chillon-Arias, M.F., Rodriguez-Pastor, M., “Analysis of the influence of pH and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis”, Desalination 128 (3), 269-273, 2000.
[53] Sayiner, G., Kandemirli, F., Dimoglo, A., “Evaluation of boron removal by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes”, Desalination 230, 205-212, 2008.
[54] Vasudevan, S., Lakshmi, J., Sozhan, G., “Electrochemically assisted coagulation for the removal of boron from water using zinc anode”, Desalination, baskıda, 2012.
[55] Simonnat, M.O., Castel, C., Nicolai, M., Rosin, C., Sardin, M., Jauffret, H., “Boron removal from drinking water with a boron selective resin: Is the treatment really selective?”, Water Research 34, 109-116, 2000.
[56] Ferreira, O.P., Moraes, S.G., Durán, N., Cornejo, L., Alves, O.L., “Evaluation of boron removal from water by hydrotalcite-like compounds”, Chemosphere 62, 80-88, 2006.