Diklofenak’ın bozunması, dönüşüm ürünleri ve çevresel akıbeti üzerine inceleme

Diklofenak, insan ve veterinerlik amaçlı yaygın kullanılan ilaçlardan biri olmuştur. Diklofenak’ın çevre ve organizmalar üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin ortaya çıkmasıyla, araştırma çalışmaları atıksudan uzaklaştırılmasına yönelmiştir. Atıksu ya da yüzeysel suda mikrogram düzeyindeki derişimlerine rağmen, endokrin sistemini bozabilir, bu da üst düzey organizmaların metabolizmasında dolayısıyla ekosistemde sorunlara yol açabilir. Bu nedenle diklofenakın tüketiminden başlayarak etkin diklofenak arıtımına, deşarj standartlarının belirlenmesine ve su yaşamının üst düzeyde korunmasına kadar uzanan bir yelpazede diklofenak kontrolü için acil önlemler alınmalıdır. Diklofenak ile ilgili diğer bir problem ise, fotoliz ve biyolojik reaksiyonları ile oluşan bozunma ürünlerinin atıksu arıtma tesislerinin çıkışında bulunmasıdır. Bu dönüşüm ürünleri organizmalar için daha fazla tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu derleme makalesi diklofenakın çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini, birincil diklofenak kaynaklarını, hayvanlar üzerindeki endokrin bozucu etkilerini, insan vücudundaki metabolizmasını, arıtma yaklaşımlarını, biyolojik ve kimyasal bozunma metabolitlerinin türünü veya dönüşüm ürünlerini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Diklofenak, Endokrin bozucu kimyasal, Farmasötikler, Dönüşüm ürünleri, Arıtma, Diclofenac, Endocrine disrupting chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Transformation products, Treatment

A review on diclofenac degradation, transformation products and their fate in the environment

Diclofenac has been one of the widely consumed pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary purposes. The research studies are devoted to investigating its removal from wastewater since its adverse effect on the environment and the organisms have been revealed. Despite its microgram level concentrations in the wastewater or water bodies, it could disrupt the endocrine system, which leads to problems in the metabolism of the higher-level organisms and, thereby, the ecosystem. Therefore, urgent measures should be taken to control diclofenac starting from its consumption and extending to the efficient diclofenac treatment, determination of discharge standards, or the high-level protection of aquatic life. Another problem with diclofenac is the degradation end-products that form through photolysis, or biological reactions remain in the wastewater treatment plants' effluent. These transformation products create further threats for the organisms. This review paper aims to emphasize the adverse effects of diclofenac on the environment, the primary diclofenac sources, its endocrine disrupting effects on the animals, metabolism in the human body, treatment approaches, type of biological and chemical degradation metabolites, or transformation products.

Keywords:

Diclofenac, Endocrine disrupting chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Transformation products, Treatment,

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