Aşağıdan Yukarıya Endüstri 4.0 Dönüşüm Yaklaşımı: Yalın Yönetim

Endüstri 4.0 çağıyla birlikte; dijitalleşme çok hızlı bir şekilde hem kişisel hem de iş yaşantımızı etkilemeye başlamıştır. Özellikle endüstriyel firmalar küresel piyasalardaki değişimlere tepki verebilmek, rekabetçi konumlarını koruyabilmek ve güçlendirebilmek amacıyla Endüstri 4.0 bileşenlerini kullanmak istemektedirler. Bu doğrultuda firmalar; Endüstri 4.0 uygulamalarının belirlenmesi, bunlara karşılık gelen çözümleri üretebilmesi ve uygulanması için metodolojik bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Bunun için firmalar, Endüstri 4.0 dönüşümlerinde kullanılan ‘yukarıdan aşağıya’ ve ‘aşağıdan yukarıya’ yaklaşımlarından birini tercih etmektedir. Yukarıdan aşağıya dönüşümler strateji üretme, strateji uygulama ve strateji geliştirme olarak üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmektedir. Kültürel değişim bu yaklaşımın temel omurgasını oluşturmaktadır. Buna karşın; Yalın Yönetim felsefesi üzerine kurulu olan ‘aşağıdan yukarıya’ yaklaşımda Yalın Yönetim prensipleri ve araçları üzerine dijital dönüşüm gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu yaklaşım ile sürekli iyileştirme anlayışı baz alındığından Endüstri 4.0 dönüşüm çalışmaları daha kolay ve etkin olmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bu yaklaşımla dijital israfların oluşmasının önüne geçilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; Endüstri 4.0 dönüşüm metodu olarak ‘aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşım’ tercih edilmiştir. Bunun üç önemli nedeni bulunmaktadır. Birincisi; Endüstri 4.0 fikrinin ortaya çıktığı ve çok başarılı uygulamaların gerçekleştirildiği Almanya’da Endüstri 4.0 dönüşümünde aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşımının öncelikli tercih edilmesidir. Almanya, Endüstri 4.0 dönüşümlerde firmalarına destek olmak ve aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşımı teşvik etmek amacıyla VDA Endüstri 4.0 kitapçığını yayınlamıştır. Dönüşüm çalışmalarını bu kılavuz doğrultusunda desteklemekte ve yönlendirmektedir. İkincisi; Türkiye'deki Endüstri 4.0 dönüşüm çalışmaları ile ilgili literatür incelendiğinde her iki yaklaşım ile ilgili bir kaynak tespit edilememiştir. Bu nedenle; hem literatürdeki bu boşluğu doldurmak ve hem de literatüre Endüstri 4.0 dönüşüm stratejisinden biri olan 'aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşım' hakkında özgün bir kaynak sağlanmak istenmesidir. Üçüncüsü; literatürde yer alan kaynakların daha çok Endüstri 4.0’ın önemini vurgulayan ve yararlarını anlatan bir nitelik taşıdığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise sadece Endüstri 4.0’ın önemini ya da gerekliliğini vurgulamak için amaçlanmamış aynı zamanda Endüstri 4.0 dönüşümlerin gerçekleştirilmesinde aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşımın uygulanması için gereklilikler belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın bir kılavuz olarak endüstriye ve akademiye temel teşkil etmesi hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Endüstri 4.0 Dönüşüm Stratejilerli, Aşağıdan Yukarıya Yaklaşım, Yalın Yönetim, Büyük Veri

Bottom-Up Industry 4.0 Transformation Approach: Lean Management

With the age of Industry 4.0; Digitalization has started to affect both our personal and business life very quickly. Especially industrial companies want to use Industry 4.0 components to react to changes in global markets and to maintain and strengthen their competitive position. In this direction, companies; need a methodological approach to identify Industry 4.0 applications and produce and implement corresponding solutions. For this, companies prefer one of the 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches used in Industry 4.0 transformations. Top-down transformations are carried out in three stages: strategy generation, strategy implementation, and strategy development. Cultural change is the backbone of this approach. Despite that, in the 'bottom-up' approach, which is based on the Lean Management philosophy, digital transformation is carried out on Lean Management principles and tools. Since this approach is based on the understanding of continuous improvement, Industry 4.0 transformation studies are easier and more effective. At the same time, with this approach, the formation of digital waste can be prevented. In this study, the 'bottom-up approach' was preferred as the industry 4.0 transformation method. There are three important reasons for this. First, in Germany, where the idea of Industry 4.0 has emerged and very successful applications have been realized, the bottom-up approach is the priority in the industry 4.0 transformation. Germany has published the VDMA Industry 4.0 booklet to support its companies in Industry 4.0 transformations and to encourage the bottom-up approach. It supports and directs the transformation efforts in line with this guide. Secondly, when the literature on Industry 4.0 transformation studies in Turkey was examined, a source related to both approaches could not be identified. Because the aim is to fill this gap in the literature and to provide a unique resource on the bottom-up approach, which is one of the industry 4.0 transformation strategies. Third; It is seen that the sources in the literature mostly emphasize the importance of Industry 4.0 and explain its benefits. This study, it is not only aimed to emphasize the importance or necessity of Industry 4.0, but also the requirements for the implementation of the bottom-up approach in the realization of Industry 4.0 transformations. It is aimed that this study will form the basis of industry and academia as a guide.

Keywords:

Industry 4.0 transformation strategies, Bottom-up Approach, Lean Management, Big Data,

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