Ortadoğu Uluslararası İlişkileri’ne Sistemik Yaklaşımlar – 10 Yıl Sonra

Pek çok gözlemci Ortadoğu’nun kendine has dinamikleriyle özgün bir bölgesel sistem oluşturduğu konusunda hemfikirken, sistemin doğası, bölgenin içinde ortaya çıkan olayların en önemli itici güçleri ve bu bölgenin diğer bölgesel sistemlerden farklılığının boyutu hakkında önemli tartışmalar aynen durmaktadır. Bu makale, 2000’lerde Ortadoğu sistemi üzerine yayınlanmış eserlerin kısa bir incelemesini sunan yeni bir giriş kısmı ile birlikte 1980 ve 1990’larda bu konuda yayınlanmış dört önemli kitabın eleştirisini yapmaktadır. Bütün bu eserlerde ele alınan temalar içinde bölgenin uluslar arası politikasını karmaşıklaştıran ulus-ötesi kimliklerin önemi ve savaş, barış ve ittifak oluşumlarının uluslararası sonuçlarını anlamada sistemik bir faktör olarak devlet inşasının merkezi yeri bulunmaktadır.

Systemic Approaches to Middle East International Relations – Ten Years After

While most observers agree that the Middle East constitutes a distinct regional system with its own dynamics, there remain important debates about the nature of the system, the most important drivers of outcomes within it and the extent of its distinctiveness among regional systems. This article reviews four important book on the topic from the 1980’s and 1990’s, with a new introduction offering a brief survey of works on the Middle East system published in the 2000’s. Among the themes treated in all the works are the importance of transnational identities in complicating the region’s international politics and the centrality of domestic state building as a systemic factor in understanding international outcomes of war, peace and alliance formation

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  • Ajami,Fouad, “The End of Pan-Arabism?” Foreign Affairs 57, No. 2 (1978–79); ve Olivier
  • Roy, The Failure of Political Islam (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
  • ______________ , The Dream Palace of the Arabs (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998).
  • Al-Sacid Ali, Abd al-Muncim, “al-takammul al-´iqtisadi al-carabi wa al-sharq awsatiy- ya [Arab economic integration and “Middle Easternism-Arap ekonomik entegrasyonu ve Ortadoğu’culuk], al-mustaqbal al-carabi [The Arab future-Arapların Geleceği] No.214 (1996), ss. 7-16.
  • Aron, Raymond Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations (New York: Praeger, ). Ayoob, Mohammed, The Third World Security Predicament (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, ). ______________ , “The Third World in the System of States: Acute Schizophrenia or Gro- wing Pains?” International Studies Quarterly 33, No. 1 (1989).
  • Ayubi, Nazih N., Overstating the Arab State (London: I. B. Taurus, 1995).
  • Azar, Edward E. and Chung-in Moon, der., National Security in the Third World (London: Edward Elgar, 1988).
  • Barnett, Michael N., Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
  • ______________ ,“Identity and Alliances in the Middle East,” içinde Peter Katzenstein, Culture of National Security. ______________ , “Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System,” International Studies Quarterly 37, No. 3 (September 1993).
  • ______________ , “Sovereignty,Nationalism, and Regional Order in the Arab States System,” International Organization 49, No. 3 (1995).
  • Ben-Dor, Gabriel, State ve Conflict in the Middle East (New York: Praeger, 1983).
  • Binder, Leonard “The Middle East as a Subordinate International System,” World Politics , No. 3 (1958).
  • Brown, L. Carl., International Politics and the Middle East (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
  • Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
  • Buzan, Barry, People, States, and Fear, (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
  • Buzan, Barry, Charles Jones ve Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy – Neorealism to Structu- ral Realism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
  • Dawisha, Adeed, “Arab Regimes: Legitimacy and Foreign Policy,” içinde Luciani, Arab State. Dessler, David, “What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?” International Organiza- tion 43, No. 3 (1989).
  • Eickelman, Dale F., “Trans-state Islam and Security,” içinde Susanne Hoeber Rudolph ve James Piscatori, der., Transnational Religion and Fading States (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997).
  • Esposito, John L. der., The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact (Miami: Florida Internatio- nal University Press, 1990).
  • Farjani, Nadir, ruhhal fi `ard al-arab [Migrations in the land of the Arabs-Arap ülkelerinde göç] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wahda al-cArabiyya, 1987).
  • Fawcett, Louise and Andrew Hurrell, der., Regionalism in World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
  • Gause III, F. Gregory, “Revolutionary Fevers and Regional Contagion: Domestic Structu- res and the ‘Export’ of Revolution in the Middle East,” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 14, No. 3 (1991).
  • ______________ , “Sovereignty, Statecraft, and Stability in the Middle East,”Journal of In- ternational Affairs 45, No. 2 (1992).
  • ______________ , “Systemic Approaches to Middle East International Relations,” Interna- tional Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 1999), ss. 11-31.
  • Gerges, Fawaz A. The Superpowers and the Middle East: Regional and International Politics, –1967 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994).
  • Halliday, Fred, The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
  • Hinnebusch,Raymond, The International Politics of the Middle East, (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2003).
  • Ibrahim, Saad Eddine, The New Arab Social Order (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982).
  • Jackson, Robert, Quasi-states: Sovereignty,International Relations, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
  • Jepperson, Ronald, L. Alexander Wendt, ve Peter Katzenstein, “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security,” içinde Peter Katzenstein, der., The Culture of National Secu- rity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
  • Jervis, Robert, Systems Effects (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).
  • Job, Brian L., der., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992).
  • Karawan, Ibrahim “Arab Dilemmas in the 1990’s: Breaking Taboos and Searching for
  • Signposts,” Middle East Journal 48, No. 3 (1994).
  • Keohane, Robert O., International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989).
  • Kerr, Malcolm ve El Sayed Yassin, der., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982).
  • Kerr, Malcolm, The Arab Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
  • Lake, David A. ve Patrick Morgan, der., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
  • Lake, David, “Regional Security Complexes: A Systems Approach,” Lake, David A. ve Patrick Morgan, der., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
  • Lawson, Fred H., Constructing International Relations in the Arab World, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
  • Luciani, Giacomo, der., The Arab State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
  • Miller, Bejamin, When Opponents Cooperate, University of Michigan press, 2002.
  • Lustick, Ian S. “The Absence of Middle Eastern Great Powers: Political ‘Backwardness’ in Historical Perspective,” International Organization 51, No. 4 (1997).
  • Maddy-Weitzman Bruce, The Crystallization of the Arab State System, 1945–1954 (Syracu- se, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1993).
  • Malin, Martin, “Entrepreneurial Statecraft: Egypt and the Superpowers, 1952–1967,”
  • Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1995.
  • Matar, Gamil ve Ali al-Din Hilal [Disuqi], al-nizam al-´iqlimi al-carabi [The Arab regional order-Arap bölgesel düzeni] (Beirut: Dar al-MustaqbalArabi, 1983).
  • Mearsheimer, John J., Conventional Deterrence (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ). Miller, Benjamin, When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
  • Mufti, Malik Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
  • Mursi, Mustafa al-carab fi muftariq al-turuq [The Arabs at the crossroads-Araplar Dörtyo- lağzında] (Cairo:Maktab al-Shuruq, 1995).
  • Nahas, Maridi, “State-Systems and Revolutionary Challenge:Nasser, Khomeini and the Middle East”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 17, 1985, ss.507-527.
  • Peres, Shimon The New Middle East (New York: Henry Holt, 1993).
  • Porath, Yehoshua, In Search of Arab Unity, 1930–1945 (London: Frank Cass, 1986).
  • Piscatori,James Islam in a World of Nation-States (New York: Cambridge University Press, ). Ramazani, R. K. Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
  • Rose, Gideon, “Domestic Realism,” World Politics 51, No. 1 (1998).
  • Rosecrance,Richard Action and Reaction in World Politics (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963).
  • Ruggie, “Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis,” World Politics 35, No. 2 (1983).
  • Salloukh,Bassel F. “State Strength, Permeability, and Foreign Policy Behavior: Jordan in Theoretical Perspective,” Arab Studies Quarterly 18, No. 2 (1996).
  • Sela, Avraham, The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998).
  • Seale Patrick, The Struggle for Syria (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986).
  • Telhami, Shibley Power and Leadership in International Bargaining: The Path to the Camp David Accords (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
  • Tripp, Charles “Regional Organizations in the Arab Middle East,” içinde Fawcett ve Hur- rell, Regionalism in World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
  • Walt, Stephen M. Revolution and War (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
  • ______________ , The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987).
  • Waltz, Kenneth, N. Theory of International Politics (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979).
  • Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy Is What States Make of It,” International Organization 46, No. 2 (1992).
  • ،لودﻟا نﯾوﻛﺗ ،مﻼﺳﻻا ،ﺔﺑورﻌﻟا ،بوﻌﺷﻟا ءارو ﺎﻣ ،مﺎظﻧﻟا ،طﺳوﻷا قرﺷﻟا: ﺔﻟادﻟا تﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟا ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﯾدﯾﻻا