Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Özgür bir Okçu: Robin Hood

Orta Çağ Avrupası genel olarak karmaşık ve mistik bir yapıya sahiptir. Ayrıca Avrupa tarihinin felaketler yüzyılı olarak kabul edilen XIV. yüzyıl, aynı zamanda İngiltere içinde büyük değişimlerin yaşandığı bir dönem olarak da kabul edilebilir. Şöyle ki, yaşanılan salgınlar, kıtlık ve siyasi karışıkların altında ezilen halkın özgürlük arayışları İngiltere’de ulus kavramını ve kişisel haklara yönelik yasaların gelişmesini de sağlamıştır. Bu kazanımların en büyük kahramanları ise feodal beylerin baskılarından kaçıp ormanlarda avlanmaya başlayan ve köylülerin destekçisi olan Özgür Okçulardır. Kanun kaçağı olarak gösterilen bu gruplar hakkındaki yasalardaki ciddi yaptırımlar erkekleri haydutluktan vazgeçmeye zorlamıştır. Tüm mal varlıkları ve hakları ellerinden alınan bu kişiler, ormanlara kaçarak avlanmışlardır. Halkın gözünde kahraman statüsüne yükselen bu kişilerin en sevileni ise Robin Hood adlı hayduttur. Onun kahramanlıklarını dilden dile aktaran baladlar ile sadece Robin Hood yüceltilmemiş, aynı zamanda İngiliz halkının hayatındaki değişikliklere de değinilmiştir. Bu çalışmada efsanesinin yanı sıra tarihi kayıtlara ve baladlardan kesitlere yer vererek Robin Hood’u tarihi bir karakter olarak ele almaya çalıştık.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa, Robin Hood, , Kanun Kaçakları, balad, özgür okçular, İngiltere

A Free Archer in Medieval England: Robin Hood

Generally the Medieval Europe has a complicated and mystic structure. And also the XIV century, which is considered the century of disasters in European history, can also be regarded as the period in which great changes took place with in England.In other words, the outbreaks, famine and the search for freedom of the oppressed people under political confusion have led to the development of the concept of nation and laws on personal rights in England.The greatest heroes of these achievements are Free Archers, the supporters of the peasants who started to hunt in the forests and escape from the oppression of feudal lords.Serious sanctions in the laws on these groups, which are shown as outlaws, forced men to give up bandit.All of their assets and rights were taken away and they were fled to the forests and hunted.Robin Hood is the most beloved of these people.Not only did Robin Hood glorify his heroism, but also the changes in the lives of the British people.In this study, we tried to treat Robin Hood as a historical character by including historical records and ballad sections.

Keywords:

Europe, Robin Hood, Outlaws, Ballad, Free Archers, England,

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