Kâdî Abdülcebbâr'ın İnsan Ruhu Kavramı ile İlgili FizikselYaklaşımının Tarihsel Değerlendirmesi

Bu çalışmada, Kâdî Abdülcebbar’ın (ö. 415/1025) insan tasavvuru ilgili bazı argumanları ele alınacaktır. Nitekim Kelâm ilminin erken döneminden itibaren klasik konuların (İlâhî zât ve sifat, kidemü’l Kurân, Kader vb.) yanı sıra insanın mahiyeti, yani onun ne olduğuna dair farklı kanaatlar gündeme gelmiştir. Bu argümanları üç farklı şekilde ele almak mümkündür. Bunlardan ilki insanın mahiyeti bedenden öte görülmeyen ebedi bir ruh olduğunu illere sürürken, ikincisi insanın ruh ve bedenin bitişik dualite olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Bu iki görüşten farklı düşünen Basra ekolun kurucusu Allaf (ö. 850), Behaşmiyye ekolü ve Mu’tezili kelamın ünlü isimi Kâdî Abdulcebbar insanı maddi olan bir fiziki yapıdan oluşan bir bütün (cümle) olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda Kâdî’nın yaygın olan ebedi ruh algısının reddedilmesine neden olan argümanların, onun kozmolojik zeminde temel bulunduğunu göstermeye hedeflemektedir. Kâdî’nın teolojik anlayışında ‘Ruh’ atomculuğa dayanmaktadır ki o halde ruh ya cevher yada araz olmalı. Bu durumda ruhun nedenselliği problemi ortaya çıkar. Kâdî, insanın herhangi bir maddî veya ölümsüz ruha sahip olmadığını savunur. Bu çalışma, insanın bu tür özgün bir görüşünün Kâdî’nın kozmolojik teorisinin ve dini meselelere yönelik düşüncesinin doğal sonucu olduğunu iddia etmektedir.

The Historical Account Of ʿabd Al-Jabbār Al-Hamadani’s Physicalist Conception Of Human Soul

This study aims to present a brief historical account of Mu’tazilite understandings of the human person and expounds on Qadi ʿAbd al-Jabbār alHamadani’s (d. 1025) strong rejection of non-physicalist view of human being. In Classic period of Kalam amongst the Mu'tazilite school prevailed three distinct views on the human person, henceforth of the human soul; the non-physicalist tradition represented by Ibrāhīm b. Sayyār al-Naẓẓām (d. 836) who claimed that man is the dwelling soul in the human corpse. The dualist view as advocated by Muʿammar b. ʿAbbād (d. 830) who understood man as a composite of the material body and immaterial soul. The third view is the so-called physicalist stance on the human being. This view though was initially propagated by Abu’l- Hudhayl Al-Allāf (d. 849-50) remained in BaHashmiyya denomination of Mu’tazilites for few generations. Qadi ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 415/1025) as their successor advocates this view arguing that man does not possess any immaterial or immortal soul. This study proposes that such a peculiar view of man was the natural outcome of ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s cosmological theory and his thoughtfulness towards religious matters (talkif). ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s image of man does not need other; a soul, to make him will or capable of certain actions, for man is this corporeal body which could be seen in its actuality, and experienced in its totality. Therefore, he defines man (šaẖs) as a living being (ḥayy), having volition (murid), capable of acting voluntarily (qādir) and consequently entitles him with the responsibility for moral and religious obligations (al-mukallaf). It could be widely observed that Qadi, though admits the presence of soul in the body for its being alive, does not consider it to be living in itself or eternal. The soul, however, is the contingent breath, by which lightweight bodies (air) are inhaled and exhaled. It is an integral part of a living human being such as his flesh, blood or body structures.

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