Uzmanlaşma Çağı. Dionysus ve Geç Antik Dönemde Şarap Üretimi: Sagalassos'tan Bir Örnek (Güneybatı Türkiye)

Şarap ve bereket tanrısı Dionysos, Roma İmparatorluk Döneminde, bir Pisidia kenti olan Sagalassos’ta (Türkiye’nin güneybatısında) yerel anıtsal mimaride ve günlük kullanım eşyalarında izlerini gördüğümüz önemli bir tanrıydı. Bununla beraber, Doğu İmparatorluğun Yunanca kunuşulan birçok çağdaş kentinde olduğu gibi, Sagalassos’ta da Geç Antik Dönemde Dionysos betimleri maddesel kültüre hakim ikonografik bir konu hâlini aldı. O zamanlarda artık paganizm ile özdeşleşmeyen bu Yunan kültürel mirası, kentsel alanlarda da oldukça sık görünür. Bu makâle, Dionysos kültünün betimlerinin ve eserlerinin bu Pisidia kentinin nasıl ve neden her yerinde bulunduğunu sorguluyor. Maddesel kültürün çeşitli alanlarında Dionysos betimlerinin yoğun olması, dini bir anlaşmazlık döneminde Dionysos’u İsa’nın muhalifi yerine koyan, bir çeşit henoteizmin - çok tanrıcılık ve tek tanrıcılık arasında olan, tek tanrının öne çıktığı fakat özel olarak tapınılmadığı bir inanç dönemi- bir sonucu muydu veya bunun aksine, tanrı sadece vita felix’in veya “iyi hayatın” bir alegorisi hâlini mi aldı ve tanrının genel betimlemeleri bir içki şöleni için uygun bir süsleme mi sağladı? Ya da burada rol oynayan diğer faktörler mi var? Tarımda bir alanda uzmanlaşmanın gelişmesiyle nitelenen, zamanın ekonomik alanlarını anlama yanıtın bir kısmını verebilir. Özellikle yerel bağcılığa ve şarap yapımına yapılan yatırımların artmasının, amphoralar, oinophoroi veya şarap şişeleri gibi maddesel kültür kategorilerinde yeni yerel üretimlere yol açması çok önemli görünüyor. Bu girişimin başarısı, malların özellikle bölge içine ve bazen bölge dışına ihraç edilmesi, Dionysos’un devam eden varlığında önemli bir rol oynamış olabilir. Dionysos, tarım faaliyetlerindeki bu uzmanlaşmanın bir sembolü olarak, kent merkezindeki halka açık alanlarda ve onun maddesel kültüründe uzun bir zaman yer aldı. Ta ki, Hıristiyanlığın ‘özgürleşmesi’ ile birlikte, pagan betimlemelerinin tüm kalıntıları yok edilene kadar.

THE AGE OF SPECIALIZATION. DIONYSUS AND THE PRODUCTION OF WINE IN LATE ANTIQUITY: A VIEW FROM SAGALASSOS (SW TURKEY)

Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility, was already a deity of importance in thePisidian town of Sagalassos (SW Turkey) during the Roman Imperial period, one wholeft his mark on the local monumental landscape as well as on the accoutrements ofdaily life. Yet, in Late Antiquity Dionysiac imagery at Sagalassos, as in many othercontemporary cities of the Greek speaking Eastern Empire, became the predominanticonographic subject in material culture while also remaining highly visible inthe cityscape, reflecting a Hellenic cultural heritage that was no longer identifiedexclusively with paganism at the time. This paper questions how and why the imagesand vestiges of the cult of Dionysus remained omnipresent in this Pisidian city. Wasthis predominance of Dionysiac imagery on various elements of material culture theresult of a form of henotheism - a stage of belief between polytheism and monotheismwhen a single deity achieves prominence but not exclusive worship - which establishedDionysus as an opponent of Christ in an age of religious conflict? Or, conversely, hadthe god simply become an allegory of the vita felix or “the good life”, whose genericrepresentations provided a suitable adornment for a drinking party? Or were there yetother factors at play? Insights into the contemporary economic landscape, which wascharacterized by a growing degree of specialization, may provide part of the answer.Especially an increasing investment in local viticulture and the production of wine,which sparked off new locally manufactured categories of material culture in the shapeof amphorae and oinophoroi or wine flasks, appears to have been crucial. The success ofthis endeavour, mainly in intra-regional terms and occasionally beyond, may well haveplayed an important role in the continued presence of Dionysus, as the symbol of thisspecialized branch of farming activities, on the public stage of the urban centre and itsmaterial culture for an extended period of time, until the ‘emancipation’ of Christianityfinally did away with all residual pagan imagery.

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