History and Identity of Kirkuk City
History and Identity of Kirkuk City
Summary: The region of Kirkuk, which is named as Shehrezor in Kurdish, is considered one of the oldest human settlements in Iraqi Kurdistan. We don’t know when exactly the city of Kirkuk was built up, but we know that during the times of Assyrian Empire Kirkuk used to be a residential area. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the Median became the rulers of Kirkuk and its vicinities. When the Median lost their sovereignty to the Persian, the Persian Empire began to rule over almost all of Middle East. The Kirkuk region later fell into the hands of Alexander the Great’s forces, and has been ruled by Antioch, and his successors. After emergence of Islam, during the reign of Khalifa Omer, in 642 AD the Muslims took the administration of the city from Sassanid’s. Then respectively, the Seljuk, the Ayyubids, Kwarazmzshah, Mongols and Ottoman ruled over the Kirkuk and it’s vicinities. Yakût el Hamevî (1179-1229), in his well know book which entitled as “Mû’cemû’l Buldan” gave some intersting informations regarding the Kirkuk and its inhabitans. As he tells ‘’The city of Shehrezor has been located between the city of Hemedan and Irbil… All the settlers of this region are Kurds.” Besides, Hamevi pointed out that the people of Shehrezor were cruel and violence motivated; in order to protect the things that belongs to them, they could easly risk their lives. Hamevi gives more information regarding the fortress of city and he mentions that they are as high as four meetre. Acording to Hamevî, the rulers of the Shehrezor are kins to each other. For a long period of time the word of Shehrezor refered to the town of Kirkuk an its region. Nîzamuddîn Şamî is the first author that uses the name of Kirkuk in his book entitled Zafername (1404). After N. Şamî, in the 17th centruy, first geographer Katîp Çelebî (1609-1657) and later traveller Ewliya Çelebî (1611-1685) provides some important information about Kirkuk. Both of them decribed the Kurdistan’s borders and regarded the Kirkuk as a Kurdish city such as Cezira Botan, Mosul (Ninova), Meleti, Maraş, Van, Erzerum, Hakkari and etc. In 19th century Şemseddîn Samî gives very detailed information on Kirkuk location, the structure of the city, its mosques, churchs, sinagoges and its inhabitans. Sami puts forth that “Three out of four people in Kirkuk are Kurds, while one in four of them Turkoman, Arabs and the others. In the city there are 760 Jews family and 460 Kildans.”After the First World War and dismemberment of Ottoman Empire, Mosul and Kirkuk region became a serious problem between the newly established Turkish Republic and Great Britian.When Turkey wanted to annex this region and include it to its soils, Great Britain struggled to keep the region in Iraqi state, which was under its mandate. The Leaguge of Nation negotiated between Turkey and Great Britain and later on, the region was given to the Iraq.Between 1930 and 1980, Turked didn’t claim its rights over Musul and Kirkuk, but in 1986, when Iraq became too weak during the war against Iran and was about to dissolve, Turkey claimed some historical rights over Mosul and Kirkuk regions. Turkey hesitated that the Kurds could establish an autonomous region and oil rich city Kirkuk became part of this autonomus state. In 1991, the first Gulf War created an opportunity for Kurds to esatablish a self ruled government. The second Gulf War ended with demise of Saddam regime and the Kurds officaly became the federate state in Iraq. According to the Iraqi Constitution (article 140), which was ratified in 2005, the Kirkuk issue should be solved by a referendum which would be held until the end of 2007, whether it will be part of Iraqi central governmet or became a part of Kurdistan Regional Government. But the referendum has never taken place. In 2014, when ISIS occupaided the Iraq’s second largest city Mosul, the Iraqi army escaped from Kirkuk and Kurdish Peshmerge took control over the city. Despite the Kurdsitan region independence referendum, which was held in 25 September 2017, the majority of Kirkuk inhabitans voted in favour of independence, in 16 October, the Iraqi forces; with the cooperation of some Kurish groups entered the city. Thus the Kirkuk question remained unsolved between the Kurds and Iraqi central government.
___
- Abdullah Kiran (2001),Türkiye’nin Kuzey Irak Politikası,” Birikim, Sayı: 148, Ağustos Abdullah Kiran (2016), Yeni Bir Ortadoğu ve Kürtler, Nas Yayınları
- Ahmet Gündüz (2002), Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt:25
- Ali Rıza(1318/1902), Atlaslı Memâlik-i Osmaniye Coğrafyası, İstanbul, Ragihêr:M. Bayrak, https://www.pirha.net/musul-kerkuk-kimin-yurdu-mehmet-bayrak-4906.html (gihîşin:28.11.2017)
- Besim Darkot(1971), Musul mad. İslam Ans. Cilt-8, MEB yay. İst. 2. Baskı
- Çengiz Çandar (2017), “Kurds în Iraq: Back to Square one?” Al- Monitor, October 20
- David Mcdowall(2004), Modern Kürt Tarihi, Çev. Neşenur Domaniç, Doruk Yayınları
- Dr. Sinan Marufoğlu (1988), Osmanlı Döneminde Kuzey Irak, İstanbul, Eren Yayınları
- E. J. Brill(1980),The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden, Ephrem –Isa Yousif (2009), Süryani Vakanüvisler, Doz Yay. Çev. Mustafa Arslan, İstanbul
- Evliya Çelebî, Günümüz Tükçesi ile Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, Yay. Hazırlayan: A. Kahraman –Y. Dağlı, 4. Kitap, 2. Cilt
- Gregory Abû’l Farac (1999), Abû’l Farac Tarihî, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Cilt. I, 3. Baski
- Gregory Abû’l Farac (1999), Abû’l Farac Tarihî, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Cilt. II, 3. Baski
- Inan Marufoğlu(1996), Osmanlı Döneminde Kuzey Irak Kürtlerinin Sosyal ve Siyasi Konumları, Türkiye Günlüğü, Sayı: 42
- Iraq: Forcible Expulsion of Ethnic Minorities(2003), vol. 15, no. 3(E) (New York: Human Rights Watch, March, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/iraq0303/
- İbrahim Hilmi(1323/1907) Memâlik-i Osmaniye Cep Atlası, İstanbul
- Kenneth Katzman (2016), & Carla E. Humud, “Iraq: Politics and Governance,” Congressional Research Service, March 9, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21968.pdf
- Kürşat Demirci(2002), Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt:8
- M. Nakip (2007), Kerkük’ün Kimliği, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara
- Mark Sykes(1908), “The Kurdish Tribe of the Ottoman Empire” The Journal of the Royal
- Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol.38,(Jul-Dec.) 451-486
- Mehmet Bayrak, “Musul Kerkük Kimin Yurdu,” 13 Aralik 2016 https://www.pirha.net/musul-kerkuk-kimin-yurdu-mehmet-bayrak-4906.html (gihîşin:28.11.2017)
- Mevlânâ Mehmet Neşrî (2008), Cihannümâ, Hazırlayan: Prof. Dr. Necdet Öztürk, Çamlıca Basım, İstanbul
- Muhamed Emin Zeki Beg (2014), Kürtler ve Kürdstan Tarihi, Türkçeye Çevirenler: Vahdettin İnce, Mehmet Dağ, Reşat Adak, Şükrü Aslan, Nubihar Yay. Sekizinci Baski
- N. Samî, Zafername(1949), Çev: Necati Lugal, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, AnkaraNihat Kandemir(2016), Sultan Abdülhamit ve Kürtler, Nubihar Yayınları
- Nouri Talabany(2007), “Who Own Kirkuk? The Kurdish Case,” Middle East Quarterly, Winter Reşîduddîn Fazlullah (2013), Camiu’t-Tevarîh (Ilhanlilar Kismi), Çev. Prof. Dr. İsmail Aka, Prof. Dr. Êehmet Ersan, Dr. Ahmad Hesamipour Khelejanî, TTK, Ankara
- Seyfettin Çetin(2014), Yakût el Hamevî’nin Mû’cemu’l Buldan’inda Kürtler, Nubibar
- Şemseddin Sami (2001) (Osmanlıcadan Çeviren: M. E. Bozarslan) Tarihteki İlk Türkçe Ansiklopedide Kürdistan ve Kürtler, Deng yay. İstanbul
- Şerefuddîn Yezdi(2013), Emîr Tîmur (Zafername), Çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul
- Şihabbeddin b. Fazullah El-Ömeri (2014), Mesâliku’l Ebsar, Türkler Hakkında Gördüklerim ve Duyduklarım, Çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge
- Şoriş Hacî (2006), Kerkük’ün Araplaştırılması, Doz Yayınları
- TBMM Gizli Celse Zabıtları (1985), Cilt-4, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, Ankara
- ISSN: 2147-883X
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2014
- Yayıncı: PAK AJANS Yayıncılık