KABLOSUZ BİLİŞSEL RADYO AĞLARINDA SPEKTRUM EL DEĞİŞTİRME İÇİN ÖNCELİK KUYRUKLARI VE YAPAY ZEKÂ TEKNİKLERİ

Bilişsel radyo, frekans bantlarındaki kullanılmayan ya da az kullanılan kısımların verimli bir biçimde kullanılmasını sağlayan yeni bir teknoloji olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Kablosuz bilişsel radyo ağları, ikincil kullanıcılarının çeşitli sezme teknikleriyle frekans bantlarını dinleyerek spektrumun boş ya da az kullanılan kısımlarından fırsatçı bir şekilde yaralanmasını hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, ikincil kullanıcıların çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı kullandığı frekans kanalından diğer bir boş kanala geçiş işlemi spektrum el değiştirme olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Spektrum el değiştirme işleminin gerçekleştiği durumların başında, ikincil kullanıcılara tahsis edilen frekans kanallarının tekrar birincil kullanıcıların hizmetine sunulması durumu gelmektedir. Erişim noktaları tarafından karar verilen spektrum el değiştirme işlemi için çeşitli yöntem ve teknikler kullanılmaktadır. Öncelik kuyrukları, ikincil kullanıcıların kendi aralarındaki iletim sırasını belirlemek için oldukça önemlidir. Spektrum el değiştirme işleminin gerçekleşme kararının alınması için, yapay zekâ tekniklerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kablosuz bilişsel radyo ağları tabanlı spektrum el değiştirme işlemi için öncelik kuyrukları ve yapay zekâ teknikleri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bilişsel radyo, spektrum el değiştirme, öncelik, yapay zekâ

PRIORITY QUEUES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR SPECTRUM HANDOFF IN WIRELESS COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS

Cognitive radio has emerged as a new technology that provides usage of unused or under-utilized portions of frequency bands in an effective manner. Wireless cognitive radio networks aims to take advantage of vacant or under-utilized portions of the spectrum by allowing secondary users to sense the frequency bands with various sensing techniques in an opportunistic manner. Spectrum handoff is described as channel switching of secondary users while transmitting for a variety of reasons. Spectrum handoff process mostly occurs when a frequency channel allocated to secondary user is required to be utilized by primary users. Various methods and techniques are used for spectrum handoff process that is decided by access points. Priority queues are quite important for secondary users to determine the order of transmissions among themselves. For the decision of the realization of spectrum handoff process, artificial intelligence techniques are utilized. In this work, studies related to wireless cognitive radio based spectrum handoff process for priority queues and artificial intelligence techniques are investigated.

Keywords:

Cognitive radio, spectrum handoff, priority,

PDF

___

AKYILDIZ, I.F., LEE W.Y., VURAN, M.C., MOHANTY, S., “NeXt Generation / Dynamic Spectrum Access / Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks: A Survey”, Computer Networks, 50, 2127-2159, 2006.
BİÇEN, A., PEHLİVANOĞLU, E., GALMES, S., AKAN, O., “Dedicated Radio Utilization for Spectrum Handoff and Efficiency in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 14, 5251-5259, 2015.
CHINH CHU, T.M., PHAN, H., ZEPERNICK, H.J., “Dynamic Spectrum Access for Cognitive Radio Networks with Prioritized Traffics”, IEEE Communications Letters, 18, 1218-1221, 2014.
CHRISTIAN, I., MOH, S., CHUNG, I., LEE, J., “Spectrum mobility in cognitive radio networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 50, 114-121, 2012.
CHU, J.H., MA, R.T., FENG, K.T., “Stochastic Spectrum Handoff Protocols for Partially Observable Cognitive Radio Networks”, Wireless Networks, 20, 1003-1022, 2014.
CORDEIRO, C., CHALLAPALI, K., BIRRU, D., SAI SHANKAR, N., “IEEE 802.22: The First Worldwide Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios”. IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 328-337. Baltimore, USA, 2005.
COUTINHO, P.S., ROCHA DA SILVA, M.W., DE REZENDE, J.F., “Detection Error Aware Spectrum Handoff Mechanism for Cognitive Radios”, International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications, 48-53. Stockholm, Sweden, 2012.
MITOLA, J., MAGUIRE, G.Q.J., “Cognitive Radio: Making Software Radios More Personal”, IEEE Personal Communications, 6, 13-18, 1999.
DAHI, S., TABBANE, S., “Handoff Reducing Model for Multichannel Access in Cognitive Radio Networks”, International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, 1780-1785. Sardinia, Italy, 2013.
FAHIMI, M., GHASEMI, A., “Analysis of the PRP M/G/1 Queuing System for Cognitive Radio Networks with Handoff Management”, Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, 1047-1051. Tehran, Iran, 2014.
FENG, W., CAO, J., ZHANG, C., LIU, C., “Joint Optimization of Spectrum Handoff Scheduling and Routing in Multi-Hop Multi-Radio Cognitive Networks”, IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 85-92. Montreal, Canada, 2009.
FENG, W., CAO, J., ZHANG, C., ZHANG, J., XIN, Q., “Coordination of Multi-Link Spectrum Handoff in Multi-Radio Multi-Hop Cognitive Networks”, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 72, 613-625, 2012.
FLORES, A.B., GUERRA, R.E., KNIGHTLY, E.W., ECCLESINE, P., PANDEY, S., “IEEE 802.11af: A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 51, 92-100, 2013.
GUO, J., JI, H., LI, Y., LI, X., “A Novel Spectrum Handoff Management Scheme based on SVM in Cognitive Radio Networks”, International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 645-649. Harbin, China, 2011.
HAYKIN, S., “Cognitive Radio: Brain Empowered Wireless Communications”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 23, 201-220, 2005.
HOSSAIN, A., SARKAR, N.I., Spectrum Handoff Management in Cognitive Radio Networks: Solutions, Modeling, and Future Directions. In N. MEGHANATHAN, Y.B. REDDY (Eds.), Cognitive Radio Technology Applications for Wireless and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (pp. 103-123), Book News Inc., Portland, USA, 2013.
JUNG, S., LEE, C., “Wireless LAN Handoff Module Implementation to OPNET Simulator and Handoff Performance Analysis”, International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, 151-156. Phoenix Park, Korea, 2004.
KALIL, M.A., AL MAHDI, H., MITSCHELE THIEL, A., “Spectrum Handoff Reduction for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks”, International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, 1036-1040. York, UK, 2010.
KANG, H., LEE, D., JEONG, B.J., KIM, A.C., “Coexistence between 802.22 and 802.11af over TV White Space”, International Conference on ICT Convergence, 533-536. Seoul, South Korea, 2011.
KOBAYASHI, H., MARK B.L., System Modeling and Analysis: Foundations of System Performance Evaluation (1st ed.), Prentice Hall Press, New Jersey, USA, 2008.
LEE, D., YEO, W., “Channel Availability Analysis of Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Communications Letters, 19, 435-438, 2015.
LERTSINSRUBTAVEE, A., MALOUCH, N., FDIDA, S., “Efficient Dynamic Spectrum Sharing through Rate Compensation and Spectrum Handoff”, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, 19-20. Turin, Italy, 2013.
LERTSINSRUBTAVEE, A., MALOUCH, N., FDIDA, S., KANCHANASUT, K., “Spectrum Sharing and Impact on Spectrum Handoff in Multi-Channel Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE International Symposium and Workshops on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 1-6. Madrid, Spain, 2013.
LIANG, Y.C., CHEN, K.C., LI, G.Y., MAHONEN, P., “Cognitive Radio Networking and Communications: An Overview”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 60, 3386-3407, 2011.
LIU, H.J., WANG, Z.X., LI, S.F., YI, M., “Study on the Performance of Spectrum Mobility in Cognitive Wireless Network”, IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems, 1010-1014. Guangzhou, China, 2008.
LIU, Y., PEI, B., WANG, H., “An Intelligent Spectrum Handoff Scheme based on Overflow Queuing Theory in Cognitive Radio Networks”, URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, 1-4. Beijing, China, 2014.
MA, R.T., HSU, Y.P., FENG, K.T., “A POMDP based Spectrum Handoff Protocol for Partially Observable Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 1-6. Budapest, Hungary, 2009.
MAHAMUNI, S.M., MISHRA, V., FERNANDES, R., “Detection of Spectrum in Cognitive Radio Network for Efficient Spectrum Handoff Mechanism”, International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends in Electronics, Communication and Networking, 1-6. Surat, India, 2014.
MARDENI, R., ANUAR, K., HAFIDZOH, M., ALIAS, M.Y., MOHAMAD, H., RAMLI, N., “Efficient Handover Algorithm using Fuzzy Logic Underlay Power Sharing for Cognitive Radio Wireless Network”, IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology and Applications, 53-56. Kuching, Malaysia, 2013.
WANG, J., GHOSH, M., CHALLAPALI, K., “Emerging Cognitive Radio Applications: A Survey”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 49, 74-81, 2011. NABİYEV, V.V., Yapay Zeka (beşinci baskı), Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, 2012.
NEJATIAN, S., SYED YUSOF, S.K., LATIFF, N.M.A., ASADPOUR, V., “Integrated Handoff Management in Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2887-2892. London, UK, 2013.
NOROOZOLIAEE, M., HAMDAOUI, B., CHENG, X., ZNATI, T., GUIZANI, M., “Analyzing Cognitive Network Access Efficiency under Limited Spectrum Handoff Agility”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 63, 1402-1407, 2014.
PARK, J.H., NAM, Y., CHUNG, J.M., “Analysis of Channel Access with Spectrum Handoff in Cluster based Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks”, International Conference on ICT Convergence, 232-233. Jeju, South Korea, 2013.
QIAO, X., TAN, Z., LI, J., “Combined Optimization of Spectrum Handoff and Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems”, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 1-4. Wuhan, China, 2011.
RAIYN, J., “Developing Cognitive Radio Approach based on Dynamic SNR to Reduce Handoff Latency in Cellular Systems”, International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer & Telecommunication Systems, 231-237. Istanbul, Turkey, 2009.
RAWAL, C., SHARMA, M., “Implementation of Soft Handover in 3G using OPNET”, International Conference on Optimization, Reliabilty, and Information Technology, 208-211. Faridabad, India, 2014.
SAYYADI S., NOURINIA, J., “Performance Evaluation of Sequential Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Single-User Case”, International Journal of Communication Systems, 27, 3768-3780, 2014.
SHEIKHOLESLAMI, F., NASIRI KENARI, M., ASHTIANI, F., “Optimal Probabilistic Initial and Target Channel Selection for Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 14, 570-584, 2015.
SOLEIMANI, M.T., KAHVAND, M., SARIKHANI, R., “Handoff Reduction based on Prediction Approach in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology, 319-323. Guilin, China, 2013.
SONG, Y., XIE, J., “Common Hopping based Proactive Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1-5. Miami, USA, 2010.
STEVENSON, C., CHOUINARD, G., LEI, Z., HU, W., SHELLHAMMER, S.J., CALDWELL, W., “IEEE 802.22: The First Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area Network Standard”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 47, 130-138, 2009.
TIANWEI, W., YAFENG, W., CHAO, L., “A Spectrum Handoff Scheme based on Comprehensive Cost in Cognitive Radio System”, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems, 1-5. Aalborg, Denmark, 2014.
WANG, C.W., WANG, L.C., “Modeling and Analysis for Proactive Decision Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 1-6. Dresden, Germany, 2009.
WANG, C.W., WANG, L.C., “Analysis of Reactive Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30, 2016-2028, 2012.
WANG, C.W., WANG, L.C., ADACHI, F., “Modeling and Analysis for Reactive Decision Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks”. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1-6. Dresden, Germany, 2010.
WANG, L.C., WANG, C.W., CHANG, C.J., “Optimal Target Channel Sequence Design for Multiple Spectrum Handoffs in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 60, 2444-2455, 2012.
WANG, S., TOSATO, F., COON, J., “Reliable Energy Efficient Spectrum Management and Optimization in Cognitive Radio Networks: How Often Should We Switch”, IEEE Wireless Communications, 20, 14-20, 2013.
WU, C., HE, C., JIANG, L., CHEN, Y., “A Novel Spectrum Handoff Scheme with Spectrum Admission Control in Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1-5. Kathmandu, Nepal, 2011.
XIE, X., YANG, G., MA, B., “Spectrum Handoff Decision Algorithm with Dynamic Weights in Cognitive Radio Networks”, Global Mobile Congress, 1-6. Shanghai, China, 2011.
YANG, S.F., WU, J.S., HUANG, J.W., “Spectrum Handover with Queues and Guard Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks”, Spring Congress on Engineering and Technology, 1-4. Xian, China, 2012.
ZAHED, S., AWAN, I., CULLEN, A., YOUNAS, M., “Performance Evaluation of Cognitive Radio Networks under Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum Bands”, International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 329-336. Victoria, Canada, 2014.
ZAHED, S., AWAN, I., MIN, G., “Prioritized Proactive Scheme for Spectrum Handoff Decision in Cognitive Radio Networks”, International Conference on Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, 335-341. Victoria, Canada, 2012.
ZHANG, W., YEO, C.K., “Sequential Sensing based Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks with Multiple Users”, Computer Networks, 58, 87-98, 2014.
ZHANG, Y., “Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks: Opportunistic and Negotiated Situations”, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 1-6. Dresden, Germany, 2009.
ZHENG, S., YANG, X., CHEN, S., LOU, C., “Target Channel Sequence Selection Scheme for Proactive Decision Spectrum Handoff”, IEEE Communications Letters, 15, 1332-1334, 2011.