Hasan Can DEMİRAY, Altıngül ÖZASLAN PARLAK, Mehmet PARLAK

Tek yıllık çim yetiştiriciliğinde kimyasal gübre ve farklı organik madde uygulamalarının bazı toprak özelliklerine etkisi

Kimyasal gübre ve farklı organik maddelerin toprağa verilmesi bitki verimini artırabilir ve bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerini iyileştirebilir.Tek yıllık çim yetiştiriciliğinde kontrol, kimyasal gübre (amonyum sülfat, %21 N) ve farklı organik madde uygulamalarının (çiftlik gübresi, tavuk gübresi, leonardit, biyolojik gübre, yem bezelyesi+tek yıllık çim karışık ekimi, yaygın fiğ+tek yıllık çim karışık ekimi) 0-5 cm ile 5-20 cm derinlikteki toprakların agregat stabilitesi, hacim ağırlığı, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, organik madde, toplam N, alınabilir P, K, Ca ve Mg konsantrasyonlarına etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla 2 yıl süreyle tarla denemesi yürütülmüştür. Tarla denemesi tesadüf blokları deneme tertibinde 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Alınan toprak örneklerinde bazı fizikokimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre kimyasal gübre ve farklı organik madde uygulamalarından sadece çiftlik gübresi 0-5 cm derinlikteki toprakta alınabilir fosforu ve potasyumu etkilemiştir.Çiftlik gübresi uygulamasıyla toprağın alınabilir P ve K kapsamı artmıştır. Diğer kimyasal gübre ve organik madde uygulamaları her iki derinlikten alınan toprakların başka özelliklerini etkilememiştir. Tek yıllık çim yetiştiriciliğinde kimyasal gübre ve organik madde uygulamalarının toprak özelliklerine etkisini belirlemek için daha uzun süreli tarla denemeleri kurulmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

toprak, Organik madde, Kimyasal gübre, Alınabilir fosfor, Aggregat stabilitesi

Effect of the application of chemical fertilizer and different organic substances on some properties of soil in annual ryegrass cultivation

The application of chemical fertilizer and different organic substances into the soil can increase plant yield and improve some physical and chemical properties of soil. A field experiment was conducted for 2 years to determine the effect of the application of chemical fertilizer (ammonium sulphate-21% N), control and different organic substances (farmyard manure, chicken manure, leonardite, biofertilizer, pea + annual ryegrass, mixtures of common vetch + annual ryegrass) on aggregate stability, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, available P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration of soil at a depth of 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm in annual ryegrass cultivation. The field experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Some physico chemical analyzes were carried out on the soil samples taken from the study area. Farmyard manure affected the available P and K in the soil at a depth of 0-5 cm of the applications of different organic and inorganic substances. With the application of farmyard manure, the available P and K content of the soil has increased. The application of chemical fertilizer and organic substances did not affect the remaining properties of soils taken from 2 depths. It is suggested that the long term field experiments should be conducted to determine the effect of the application of chemical fertilizer and organic substances on the properties of soil.

Keywords:

Organic matter, Chemical fertilizer, Available phosphorus, Aggregate stability, Soil,

PDF

___

Anonim (2019) T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü. Küresel Toprak Paydaşlığı ve Türkiye Toprak Bilgi Sistemi Kitabı. Uzerler Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ankara, 110 s.
Anonim (2021) T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Çanakkale Meteoroloji İl Müdürlüğü iklim verileri.
Biau A, Santiveri F, Mijangos I, Lloveras J (2012) The impact of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil quality parameters and the productivity of irrigated maize crops in semiarid regions. Eur J. Soil Biol. 53: 56-61.
Brar BS, Singh J, Singh G, Kaur G (2015) Effects of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and physical properties in maize–wheat rotation. Agronomy 5: 220-238.
Bremner JM (1996) Nitrogen - total. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds. Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 1085-1122.
Cai A, Xu M, Wang B, Zhang W, Liang G, Hou E, Luo Y (2019) Manure acts as a better fertilizer for increasing crop yields than synthetic fertilizer does by improving soil fertility. Soil Till Res. 189: 168-175.
Çelik İ, Ortaş İ, Kılıç Ş (2004) Effects of compost, mycorrhiza, manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a Chromoxerert soil. Soil Till Res. 78: 59-67.
Chen Y, Camps-Arbestain M, Shen Q, Singh B, Cayuela ML (2018) The long-term role of organic amendments in building soil nutrient fertility: a meta-analysis and review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst. 111: 103–125.
Gautam A, Guzman J, Kovacs P, Kumar S (2021) Manure and inorganic fertilization impacts on soil nutrients, aggregate stability, and organic carbon and nitrogen in different aggregate fractions. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2021.1887480
Gee GW, Or D (2002) Particle-size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. (Eds. Dane JH, Topp GC), SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 255–293.
Gomiero T (2016) Soil degradation, land scarcity and food security: Reviewing a complex challenge. Sustainabilty 8: 281. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/su8030281
Grossman RB, Reinsch TG (2002) Bulk density and linear extensibility. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. (Eds. Dane JH, Topp GC), SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp.201-228.
Liu E, Yan C, Mei X, He W, Bing SH, Ding L, Liu Q, Liu S, Fan T (2010) Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma 158: 173-180.
Helmke PA, Sparks DL (1996) Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and calcium In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds. Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 551-574.
Kılıç B, Sönmez İ (2019) Farklı organik gübre ve dozlarının toprak özellikleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Mediterranean Agric. Sci. 32(Özel Sayı): 91-96.
Kopittke PM, Menzies NW, Wang P, McKenna BA, Lombi E (2019) Soil and the intensiﬁcation of agriculture for global food security. Environt Int. 132: 105078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105078
Kuo S (1996) Phosphorus. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds .Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 869– 920.
Nelson RE, Sommers LE (1996) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds. Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 961-1010.
Nimmo JR, Perkins KS (2002) Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. (Eds. Dane JH, Topp GC), SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 317–328.
Ozlu E, Kumar S (2018) Response of soil organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, and water stable aggregates to long term annual manure and inorganic fertilizer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 82:1243–1251.
Parlak M, Türkmen C, Özaslan Parlak A, Akçura M, Özkan N (2017) Effects of some legumes on physical and biological soil characteristics. 2nd International Balkan Agriculture Congress, May 16-18, Tekirdağ,Turkey. pp. 914-919.
Rhoades JD (1996) Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds. Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 417-435.
SAS Institute (2018) SAS version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).
Simon T, Czako A (2014) Influence of long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties. Plant Soil Environ. 60(7): 314-319.
Suarez DL (1996) Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds. Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 575–601.
Thomas GW (1996) Soil pH and soil acidity. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods(Eds. Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 475-490.
Turgay OC, Buchan D, Moeskops B, De Gusseme B, Ortaş İ, De Neve S (2015) Changes in soil ergosterol content, glomalin related soil protein, and phospholipid fatty acid profile as affected by long-term organic and chemical fertilization practices in Mediterranean Turkey. Arid Land Res. Manage. 29: 180–198.
Yan X, Gong W (2010) The role of chemical and organic fertilizers on yield, yield variability and carbon sequestration— results of a 19-year experiment. Plant Soil 331: 471–480.