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Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri

Neoliberal ekonomi politikalarının ilk kez denendiği Şili’de 2006 ve 2011’de gelişen öğrenci hareketi, Latin Amerika’daki direniş deneyimleri arasında ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Önce Pinochet diktatörlüğünün baskı ortamında dayatılan, ardından demokrasiye geçiş sürecinde merkez-sol koalisyon (Concertación) hükümetlerinin “uzlaşı siyasetiyle” yeniden düzenlenen neoliberal reformlar, derin ve sancılı bir toplumsal dönüşüm sürecini beraberinde getirmiştir. Latin Amerika ülkeleri 1982 borç krizinin ardından IMF ve Dünya Bankası aracılığıyla uygulanan neoliberal reçetelere uyum sağlamaya çalışırken, Şili’de çoktan derinleşme aşamasına giren neoliberal yeniden yapılanma süreci, bölgenin geri kalanına örnek bir model olarak sunulmuştur. 1990’lar boyunca Latin Amerika’yı dünyanın en eşitsiz bölgesi haline getiren neoliberal politikalar 2000’li yıllarla birlikte iflas ederken, Şili’nin erken deneyimi ve sonrasındaki süreç, Küresel Güney’de neoliberal modelin bir “başarı hikâyesi”ne dönüştüğü tek istisna olarak gösterilmiştir. Güney Amerika’nın en istikrarlı ve müreffeh ülkelerinden biri olan Şili, bölgenin diğer ülkelerine kıyasla daha yüksek rekabet gücüne, daha yüksek kişi başı gelir ve daha düşük yolsuzluk ve suç oranlarına sahiptir. Ne var ki 2006’da “Penguen Devrimi” ve 2011’de “Şili Kışı”na yol açan öğrenci hareketi, istikrarlı ve yüksek büyüme oranlarının ardındaki toplumsal eşitsizliği ve adaletsizliği gözler önüne sermiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, neoliberalizmin Şili deneyinin sonuçlarını öğrenci hareketi açısından tartışmak ve Şili öğrenci hareketini Latin Amerika’nın post-neoliberal dönüşüm süreci bağlamında incelemektir. Koyu renk pantolonları ve beyaz gömleklerinden dolayı “penguenler” olarak anılan lise öğrencilerinin, Pinochet döneminin miraslarından birine, neoliberal eğitim sistemine karşı mücadeleleri, 2011’de farklı toplumsal kesimlerin desteğiyle, neoliberal gündeme karşı büyük bir muhalefet hareketi olarak süreklilik kazanmıştır. Makale, öğrenci hareketinin gelişim sürecini inceleyerek, Şili Kışı’na yol açan nedenleri “neoliberalizmin baharında” arayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Şili Kışı, Penguen Devrimi, Şili öğrenci hareketi, neoliberal eğitim modeli, post-neoliberal dönüşüm süreci

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The student movement of the 2006 and 2011 that arose in Chile, the country where neoliberal economic theories were first applied, is one of the most important processes of social mobilization in Latin America in the last decade. Neoliberal reforms that were principally imposed under Pinochet, and then reshaped by the “acuerdos politics” of the center-left coalition (Concertación) governments led to a radical and painful process of social transformation. Neoliberal policies were adopted throughout Latin America subsequent to the 1982 debt crisis, whereas the neoliberal restructuring had already been deepening and extending in Chile. Despite the failure of neoliberal policies that caused Latin America to be the most unequal region in the world, Chile has been considered as an exceptional case of neoliberal success in the Global South, and was regarded as a role model among the Latin American countries. Chile as one of South America’s most stable and prosperous nations has considerably high rates of competitive power and per capita income, and one of the lowest rates of corruption and crime among the countries in the region. However the student movement that led to Penguin Revolution in 2006 and Chilean Winter in 2011, revealed the social inequality and injustice behind the high and stable rates of growth. This paper aims to discuss the effects of the neoliberal experiment in Chile from the point of the student movement, and analyze this movement in the context of post-neoliberal transformation process in Latin America. The struggle against to neoliberal education reform of high school students, also called “Penguins” for the color of their school uniform, achieved to mobilize many segments of Chilean society against the neoliberal project during the Chilean Winter of 2011. By considering the Chilean Winter as a result of “neoliberal spring”, the article aims to examine the improvement process of the student movement

Keywords:

Chilean Winter, Penguin Revolution, Chilean student movement, neoliberal education model, post-neoliberal transformation process,

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