ELEKTROLİF ÇEKİM YÖNTEMİ İLE ELDE EDİLMİŞ PROTEİNLER VE ONLARIN GIDA UYGULAMALARI

Elektrolif çekim yöntemi ile elde edilmiş nanolifler yüksek yüzey alanları, düşük gözenek boyutu ve yüksek miktarda aktif ajan yüklenebilme kapasiteleriyle gıda uygulamaları için yapısal ve fonksiyonel olarak birçok ajantaj sağlamaktadırlar. Elektrolif çekim yöntemi ile nanolif eldesinde proteinlerin kullanılması son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Moleküler ağırlıkları sebebiyle çoğu protein kendi başına elektrolif çekim yönteminde lif oluşumunu sağlayamamaktadır, bununla beraber gıda sınıfında bir biyopolimerle desteklenerek proteinlerde nanolif sentezi yapılabilmektedir. Bu derlemede ilk olarak elektrolif çekim yönteminin temellerine değinilmiştir. Sonrasında, bitkisel ve hayvansal proteinlerden elde edilen nanoliflerle ilgili detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. Proteinlerle birlikte kullanılan ve onların çekilebilirliğini iyileştiren yaygın polimerler de tartışılmıştır. Çalışmanın son kısımda, elektrolif çekim yöntemi ile elde edilmiş nanoliflerin, biyoaktif malzemelerin kapsüllenmesi, enzim immobilizasyonu ve gıda paketlemesi gibi farklı gıda uygulamalarında kullanımları vurgulanmıştır

ELECTROSPUN PROTEIN NANOFIBERS AND THEIR FOOD APPLICATIONS

Electrospun nanofibers with their large surface area, high porosity, small pore sizes, and ability of the high loading of active agents possess many structural and functional advantages for food applications. Proteins play significant roles in physicochemical and structural properties in foods. There has been a great interest in using proteins for the fabrication of nanofibers through electrospinning technique. Due to their molecular weight, most of the proteins are non-spinnable alone however; their spinnability can be enhanced by the incorporation of food-grade biocompatible polymers. In this review, the basics of the electrospinning technique were introduced first, followed by detailed information about electrospun nanofibers formed using plant and animal proteins. Common polymers blended with proteins to enhance their spinnability were also discussed. It the last part, the use of electrospun nanofibers in various food applications such as encapsulation of bioactive components, enzyme immobilization, and food packaging was emphasized.

PDF

___

1. Jun, H.-W., S.E. Paramonov, and J.D. Hartgerink, Biomimetic self-assembled nanofibers, Soft Matter, 2(3), 177-181, 2006.
2. Tarhan, Ö., E. Tarhan, and Ş. Harsa, Investigation of the structure of alpha-lactalbumin protein nanotubes using optical spectroscopy, Journal of Dairy Research, 81(1), 98-106, 2014.
3. Tarhan, Ö. and Ş. Harsa, Nanotubular structures developed from whey‐ based α‐ lactalbumin fractions for food applications, Biotechnology progress, 30(6), 1301-1310,2014.
4. Raghavan, B., H. Soto, and K. Lozano, Fabrication of melt spun polypropylene nanofibers by forcespinning, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 8(1) 155892501300800106, 2013.
5. Zhang, X. and Y. Lu, Centrifugal spinning: an alternative approach to fabricate nanofibers at high speed and low cost, Polymer Reviews, 54(4), 677- 701, 2014.
6. Anton, F., Process and apparatus for preparing artificial threads, Google Patents, 1934.
7. Prabaharan, M., R. Jayakumar, and S. Nair, Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds-current status and prospects in drug delivery, in Biomedical applications of polymeric nanofibers, Springer, 241-262, 2011.
8. Formo, E., et al., Functionalization of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers with Pt nanoparticles and nanowires for catalytic applications, Nano Letters, 8(2), 668-672, 2008.
9. Ince Yardimci, A., et al. CNT incorporated polyacrilonitrile/polypyrrole nanofibers as keratinocytes scaffold, Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Trans Tech Publ., 2019
10. Ince Yardimci, A., et al., Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on random and aligned PAN/PPy nanofibrous scaffolds, Journal of biomaterials applications, 34(5), 640-650, 2019.
11. Dhineshbabu, N.R., et al., Electrospun MgO/Nylon 6 hybrid nanofibers for protective clothing, Nano-Micro Letters, 6(1), 46-54, 2014.
12. Shabafrooz, V., et al., Electrospun nanofibers: from filtration membranes to highly specialized tissue engineering scaffolds, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 14(1), 522-534, 2014.
13. Sundarrajan, S., et al., Electrospun nanofibers for air filtration applications, Procedia Eng, 75, 159- 163, 2014.
14. Zafar, M., et al., Potential of electrospun nanofibers for biomedical and dental applications, Materials, 9(2), 73, 2016.
15. Al-Enizi, A.M., M.M. Zagho, and A.A. Elzatahry, Polymer-based electrospun nanofibers for biomedical applications, Nanomaterials, 8(4), 259, 2018.
16. Haider, A., S. Haider, and I.-K. Kang, A comprehensive review summarizing the effect of electrospinning parameters and potential applications of nanofibers in biomedical and biotechnology, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 1(8), 1165-1188, 2018.
17. Camposeo, A., L. Persano, and D. Pisignano, Light‐ Emitting Electrospun Nanofibers for Nanophotonics and Optoelectronics, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 298(5), 487-503, 2013.
18. Torres-Giner, S., Electrospun nanofibers for food packaging applications, Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging, Elsevier, 108-125, 2011.
19. Dosunmu, O., et al., Electrospinning of polymer nanofibres from multiple jets on a porous tubular surface, Nanotechnology, 17(4), 1123, 2006.
20. Deitzel, J., et al., Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers with specific surface chemistry, Polymer, 43(3), 1025-1029, 2002.
21. Sill, T.J. and H.A. von Recum, Electrospinning: applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 29(13), 1989-2006, 2008.
22. Bhardwaj, N. and S.C. Kundu, Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique, Biotechnology advances, 28(3), 325-347, 2010.
23. Patel, D.C., Preparation and characterization of electrospun poly (D, L-Lactide-co-Glycolide) scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering and the advancement of an in vitro blood brain barrier model, 2012.
24. Haghi, A. and M. Akbari, Trends in electrospinning of natural nanofibers, Physica status solidi (a), 204(6), 1830-1834, 2007.
25. Hayati, I., A. Bailey, and T.F. Tadros, Investigations into the mechanisms of electrohydrodynamic spraying of liquids: I. Effect of electric field and the environment on pendant drops and factors affecting the formation of stable jets and atomization, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 117(1), 205-221, 1987.
26. Zhang, C., et al., Study on morphology of electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol) mats. European polymer journal, 41(3), 423-432, 2005.
27. Yuan, X., et al., Morphology of ultrafine polysulfone fibers prepared by electrospinning, Polymer International, 53(11), 1704-1710, 2004.
28. Megelski, S., et al., Micro-and nanostructured surface morphology on electrospun polymer fibers, Macromolecules, 35(22), 8456-8466, 2002.
29. Buchko, C.J., et al., Processing and microstructural characterization of porous biocompatible protein polymer thin films, Polymer, 40(26), 7397-7407, 1999.
30. Ki, C.S., et al., Characterization of gelatin nanofiber prepared from gelatin–formic acid solution, Polymer, 46(14), 5094-5102, 2005.
31. Casper, C.L., et al., Controlling surface morphology of electrospun polystyrene fibers: effect of humidity and molecular weight in the electrospinning process, Macromolecules, 37(2), 573-578, 2004.
32. Khadka, D.B. and D.T. Haynie, Protein-and peptide-based electrospun nanofibers in medical biomaterials, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 8(8), 1242-1262, 2012.
33. Wang, X., et al., Controlled release of protein from core–shell nanofibers prepared by emulsion electrospinning based on green chemical, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(16), 2015.
34. Jakobek, L., Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, Food chemistry, 175, 556-567, 2015.
35. Anvari, M. and D. Chung, Dynamic rheological and structural characterization of fish gelatin–Gum arabic coacervate gels cross-linked by tannic acid, Food Hydrocolloids, 60, 516-524, 2016.
36. Dror, Y., et al., Nanofibers made of globular proteins, Biomacromolecules, 9(10), 2749-2754, 2008.
37. Mendes, A.C., K. Stephansen, and I.S. Chronakis, Electrospinning of food proteins and polysaccharides, Food Hydrocolloids, 68, 53-68, 2017.
38. Woerdeman, D.L., S. Shenoy, and D. Breger, Role of chain entanglements in the electrospinning of wheat protein-poly (vinyl alcohol) blends, The Journal of Adhesion, 83(8), 785-798, 2007.
39. Kriegel, C., et al., Fabrication, functionalization, and application of electrospun biopolymer nanofibers, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 48(8), 775-797, 2008.
40. Cho, D., A.N. Netravali, and Y.L. Joo, Mechanical properties and biodegradability of electrospun soy protein Isolate/PVA hybrid nanofibers, Polymer degradation and stability, 97(5), 747-754, 2012.
41. Wang, S., et al., Electrospun soy protein isolatebased fiber fortified with anthocyanin-rich red raspberry (Rubus strigosus) extracts, Food research international, 52(2), 467-472, 2013.
42. wen Jia, X., et al., Preparation and characterization of pea protein isolate-pullulan blend electrospun nanofiber films, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019.
43. Niu, B., et al., Electrospinning of zein-ethyl cellulose hybrid nanofibers with improved water resistance for food preservation, International journal of biological macromolecules, 142, 592- 599, 2020.
44. Deng, L., et al., Encapsulation of allopurinol by glucose cross-linked gelatin/zein nanofibers: Characterization and release behavior, Food hydrocolloids, 94, 574-584, 2019.
45. Shanesazzadeh, E., M. Kadivar, and M. Fathi, Production and characterization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic sunflower protein isolate nanofibers by electrospinning method, International journal of biological macromolecules, 119, 1-7, 2018.
46. Aceituno-Medina, M., et al., Development of novel ultrathin structures based in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) protein isolate through electrospinning, Food Hydrocolloids, 31(2), 289-298, 2013.
47. Deng, L., et al., Characterization of gelatin/zein nanofibers by hybrid electrospinning, Food Hydrocolloids, 75, 72-80, 2018.
48. Wang, H., et al., Preparation, antimicrobial and release behaviors of nisin-poly (vinyl alcohol)/wheat gluten/ZrO 2 nanofibrous membranes, Journal of Materials Science, 50(14), 5068-5078, 2015.
49. Sullivan, S.T., et al., Electrospinning and heat treatment of whey protein nanofibers, Food Hydrocolloids, 35, 36-50, 2014.
50. Kutzli, I., et al., Electrospinning of whey and soy protein mixed with maltodextrin–Influence of protein type and ratio on the production and morphology of fibers, Food hydrocolloids, 93, 206-214, 2019.
51. Talebian, A. and A. Mansourian, Release of Vancomycin from electrospun gelatin/chitosan nanofibers, Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(7), 7065-7069, 2017.
52. Lin, L., Y. Zhu, and H. Cui, Electrospun thyme essential oil/gelatin nanofibers for active packaging against Campylobacter jejuni in chicken, LWT, 97, 711-718, 2018.
53. Liu, Y., et al., Hydrophobic ethylcellulose/gelatin nanofibers containing zinc oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial packaging, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 66(36), 9498-9506, 2018.
54. Tomasula, P.M., et al., Electrospinning of casein/pullulan blends for food-grade applications, Journal of dairy science, 99(3), 1837-1845, 2016.
55. Esparza, Y., et al., Preparation and characterization of thermally crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol)/feather keratin nanofiber scaffolds, Materials & Design, 133, 1-9, 2017.
56. McManus, M.C., et al., Electrospun fibrinogen: feasibility as a tissue engineering scaffold in a rat cell culture model. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials, 81(2), 299-309, 2007.
57. Gugutkov, D., et al., Fibrinogen nanofibers for guiding endothelial cell behavior, Biomaterials science, 1(10), 1065-1073, 2013.
58. McManus, M., et al., Electrospun nanofibre fibrinogen for urinary tract tissue reconstruction, Biomedical materials, 2(4), 257, 2007.
59. Wnek, G.E., et al., Electrospinning of nanofiber fibrinogen structures, Nano letters, 3(2), 213-216, 2013.
60. Baker, S., et al., The mechanical properties of dry, electrospun fibrinogen fibers, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 32(2), 215-221, 2012.
61. Moreira, J.B., et al., Antioxidant ultrafine fibers developed with microalga compounds using a free surface electrospinning, Food Hydrocolloids, 93, 131-136, 2019.
62. Zhong, J., et al., Electrospinning of food-grade nanofibres from whey protein, International journal of biological macromolecules, 113, 764- 773, 2018.
63. Park, Y.R., et al., Three-dimensional electrospun silk-fibroin nanofiber for skin tissue engineering, International journal of biological macromolecules, 93, 1567-1574, 2016.
64. Chen, Z., et al., Electrospun collagen–chitosan nanofiber: A biomimetic extracellular matrix for endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell, Acta biomaterialia, 6(2), 372-382, 2010.
65. Vega-Lugo, A.-C. and L.-T. Lim, Controlled release of allyl isothiocyanate using soy protein and poly (lactic acid) electrospun fibers, Food Research International, 42(8), 933-940, 2009.
66. Matalanis, A., O.G. Jones, and D.J. McClements, Structured biopolymer-based delivery systems for encapsulation, protection, and release of lipophilic compounds, Food Hydrocolloids, 25(8), 1865- 1880, 2011.
67. Wongsasulak, S., S. Pathumban, and T. Yoovidhya, Effect of entrapped α-tocopherol on mucoadhesivity and evaluation of the release, degradation, and swelling characteristics of zein– chitosan composite electrospun fibers, Journal of Food Engineering, 120, 110-117, 2014.
68. Mendes, A.C., et al., Hybrid electrospun chitosanphospholipids nanofibers for transdermal drug delivery, International journal of pharmaceutics, 510(1), 48-56, 2016.
69. Fabra, M.J., A. López-Rubio, and J.M. Lagaron, Use of the electrohydrodynamic process to develop active/bioactive bilayer films for food packaging applications, Food Hydrocolloids, 55, 11-18, 2016.
70. Moomand, K. and L.-T. Lim, Oxidative stability of encapsulated fish oil in electrospun zein fibres, Food research international, 62, 523-532, 2014.
71. Bui, H.T., O.H. Chung, and J.S. Park, Fabrication of electrospun antibacterial curcumin-loaded zein nanofibers, Polymer Korea, 38(6), 744-751, 2014.
72. Li, H., et al., Electrospun gelatin nanofibers loaded with vitamins A and E as antibacterial wound dressing materials, RSC advances, 6(55), 50267- 50277, 2016.
73. Xu, W. and Y. Yang, Drug sorption onto and release from soy protein fibers, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 20(12), 2477-2486, 2009.
74. Bhushani, J.A. and C. Anandharamakrishnan, Electrospinning and electrospraying techniques: Potential food based applications, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 38(1), 21-33, 2014.
75. Wang, Z.-G., et al., Enzyme immobilization on electrospun polymer nanofibers: an overview, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 56(4), 189-195, 2009.
76. Datta, S., L.R. Christena, and Y.R.S. Rajaram, Enzyme immobilization: an overview on techniques and support materials, 3 Biotech, 3(1), 1-9, 2013.
77. Kim, J., J.W. Grate, and P. Wang, Nanostructures for enzyme stabilization, Chemical Engineering Science, 61(3), 1017-1026, 2006.
78. Gupta, M.N., et al., Nanomaterials as matrices for enzyme immobilization, Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology, 39(2), 98-109, 2011.
79. Kim, J., J.W. Grate, and P. Wang, Nanobiocatalysis and its potential applications, Trends in biotechnology, 26(11), 639-646, 2008.
80. Wu, L., X. Yuan, and J. Sheng, Immobilization of cellulase in nanofibrous PVA membranes by electrospinning, Journal of Membrane Science, 250(1-2), 167-173, 2005.
81. Kim, B.C., et al., Preparation of biocatalytic nanofibres with high activity and stability via enzyme aggregate coating on polymer nanofibres, Nanotechnology, 16(7), S382, 2005.
82. Jia, H., et al., Enzyme‐ carrying polymeric nanofibers prepared via electrospinning for use as unique biocatalysts, Biotechnology progress, 18(5), 1027-1032, 2002.
83. Kumar, T.S.M., et al., A comprehensive review of electrospun nanofibers: Food and packaging perspective, Composites Part B: Engineering, 107074, 2019.
84. Topuz, F. and T. Uyar, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antifungal Electrospun Nanofibers for Food Packaging Applications, Food Research International, 108927, 2019.
85. Tian, J., et al., Electrospun nanofibers for food and food packaging technology, in Electrospinning: Nanofabrication and Applications, Elsevier, 455- 516, 2019.
86. Shao, P., et al., Preparation of zein nanofibers with cinnamaldehyde encapsulated in surfactants at critical micelle concentration for active food packaging, Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 22, 100385, 2019.
87. Böhmer-Maas, B.W., et al., Photocatalytic zeinTiO2 nanofibers as ethylene absorbers for storage of cherry tomatoes, Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 24, 100508, 2020.
88. Lin, L., Y. Gu, and H. Cui, Moringa oil/chitosan nanoparticles embedded gelatin nanofibers for food packaging against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus on cheese, Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 19, 86-93, 2019.
89. Sani, M.A., A. Ehsani, and M. Hashemi, Whey protein isolate/cellulose nanofibre/TiO2 nanoparticle/rosemary essential oil nanocomposite film: Its effect on microbial and sensory quality of lamb meat and growth of common foodborne pathogenic bacteria during refrigeration, International journal of food microbiology, 251, 8- 14,