LİYAKAT TEMELLİ BÜROKRASİ: KORE KAMU SINAVLARI (GWAGEO) (958-1894) - THE MERIT-BASED BUREAUCRACY: THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION (GWAGEO) IN KOREA (958-1894)

Günümüzde devlet dâhil modern örgütlerin en belirgin yönü her türlü istihdamın liyakat ve ehliyet ekseninde olmasıdır. Geleneksel toplumlarda ise irsiyet ve statü ekseninde hükümdarlar, kendi akrabaları, yakın arkadaşları ve kendine yakın tebaası arasından istediği kişileri görevlendirmiş, bu kişileri istediği zaman da görevden uzaklaştırmıştır. Çin’de 6. yüzyıldan itibaren uygulanan bürokrasi sınavları ise bu gelenekte önemli bir istisnadır. Kore’de Çin’deki sınav sisteminin etkisiyle 958 yılında Koryo Hanedanlığı döneminde uygulanan ve 1894 yılında kaldırılmasına kadar 936 yıl devam eden Gwageo sınav sistemi de bu istisnai geleneğin bir parçası ve liyakat eksenli bürokrasi modelinin ilk ve erken dönem örneklerinden birisidir. Bu çalışmada Kore’de uygulanan ve Gwageo denilen bürokrasi sınavları ele alınmıştır. Türkiye’de, bilindiği kadarıyla, bu sınav sistemini inceleyen herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bu yönüyle özelde Kore, genel olarak Doğu Asya alanındaki çalışmalara bir katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kore, Çin, Doğu Asya, Bürokrasi, Sınav, Liyakat, Gwageo

A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE ROLE OF SOCIAL LEARNING IN CIGARETTE ADDICTION TO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS - LİYAKAT TEMELLİ BÜROKRASİ: KORE KAMU SINAVLARI (GWAGEO) (958-1894)

Today, the most prominent aspect of modern organizations, including the state, is that all kinds of employment are based on merit and competence. However, in the traditional societies, the rulers appointed the people they wanted among their relatives, close friends, and slaves. The bureaucracy examination system that implemented in the 6th century in China is an important exception in this tradition. The Gwageo examination system, which was conducted in Korea during the Koryo Dynasty in 958 and lasted for 936 years untill its abolition in 1894 under the influence of the examination system in China, is also a part of this exceptional tradition and the one of the first and early examples of merit-based bureaucracy. This study examines the bureaucracy exams in Korea called Gwageo. In Turkey, a study on this system by itself, is absent, considering the literature reviewed. In this way, this work aims to provide a contribution to East Asian, especially Korean, studies.

Keywords:

Korea, China, East Asia, Bureaucracy, Examination, Merit, Gwageo,

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