Kamu Yapılarının Mekansal Organizasyonu: Türkiye’nin Başkenti Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Türkiye’nin başkenti olmadan önce Anadolu’nun küçük bir kasabası olan Ankara, Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesinin ardından temel bir mekânsalyapılanma süreci deneyimlemiştir. Erken Cumhuriyet döneminin modernist vizyonu ve korumacı ekonomik politikaları kentin mekânsal yapı lanmasını belirlemiş ve genç rejimin ikonları haline gelen kamu yapılarını üretmiştir. Doksan yıllık dönemde Ankara’nın kent rejimi ve simgeleriniyeniden tasarlayan farklı politik-ekonomik iklimler deneyimlenmiştir. En somut değişimlerden biri, her dönemin ekonomik kabullerini ve kentselpolitikalarını mekânsal ve mimari organizasyonları ve simgesel anlamlarıyla ileten kamu yapılarında gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışma, kamu ya pılarına odaklanarak kentsel simgelerin değişimini araştırmaktadır. Bunun için, mekânsal organizasyonları, mimari projeleri ve kamuya ilettik leri mesajları araştırmak üzere başkentteki bakanlık binaları seçilmiştir. Çalışma, bakanlıklar niyetiyle tasarlanan kümelere odaklanarak politikve ekonomik sistemdeki değişimlere göre temel olarak üç dönemde irdelenmektedir; kuruluş dönemi, liberal yıllar ve neoliberal yıllar. Çalışmanınsonucunda, kamu yapılarının üretildikleri dönemlerin ana güdüsünü yansıttığı, Türkiye örneğinde ise bu yapıların mekânsal düzenlemelerininpolitik, ekonomik ve sosyal yapı hakkında bilgi içeren araçlar oldukları ortaya konulmuştur.

Spatial Organization of Public Buildings: An Evaluation on the Capital City of Turkey

Ankara, a small town of Anatolia before becoming the capital of Turkey, experienced a fundamental spatial restructuring process following the proclamation of the Republic. The vision of modernity and protective economic structure of the Early Republican era determined the spatial configuration of the city and produced public buildings as the icons of the young regime. The last ninety years witnessed different political-economic climates redesigning the urban regime of Ankara and symbols. One of the most tangible transformations is observed in the public buildings, which convey the economic understandings and urban politics of each period through their spatial and architectural organizations, and symbolic meanings. This study explores the change in the urban symbols with an emphasis on public buildings. For this, the ministry buildings of the capital city were selected to investigate spatial organizations, archistar buildings, and the messages conveyed to the public. Focusing on the the intentionally developed clusters of ministries, this study adressed basically three periods concerning the change in political and economic systems; the foundation period, the liberal years and the neoliberal era. As a result of this study it is stated that that in the Turkish case public buildings reflect the main motives of the period they were produced, their spatial organization serves as a medium containing information about the political, economic and social structure of each period.

PDF

___

Akcan, E. (2012) Architecture in translation: Germany, Turkey and the modern house. Durham, New Castle: Duke University Press.
Altaban, O. (1987) “Location choice processes for public buildings. In Ankara Metropolitan Municipality”, Ankara from 1985 to 2015, Ankara: Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, EGO General Directorate (pp. 31-48).
Aslanoglu, I. (1980) Early republican period architecture, Ankara: METU Faculty of Architecture Press.
Balamir, A. (2010) Clemens Holzmeister: An architect at the turn of an era, Ankara: Boyut Collection.
Batur, A. (2005) A concise history: Architecture in Turkey during the 20th century, İstanbul: Cizgi Press.
Bozdogan, S. (2002) Modernism and nation building: Turkish architectural culture in early republic, London: University of Washington Press.
Brenner, N. (2003) “Metropolitan institutional reform and the rescaling of state space in contemporary Western Europe”, European urban and regional studies, 10(4), 297-324.
Carmona, M. (2010) Contemporary Public Space: Critique and Classification, Part Two: Classification, Journal of Urban Design, 15:2, 157-173.
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G. & Stone, A. M. (1992) Public Space, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cengizkan, A. (2004) First plan of Ankara: 1924-25 Lorcher Plan, Ankara: Arkadas Press.
Cinar, A. (2014) “State Building as an Urban Experience”, In M. Minkenberg (Ed.) Power and Architecture: The construction of capitals and the politics of space, New York: Berghahn books.
Chanlat, J.F. (2006) “Space, Organisation and Management Thinking: A Socio-Historical Perspective”. S.R.Clegg and M. Kornberger (Ed.) Space, Organizations and Management Theory, pp.17-43, Frederiksberg: CBS Press.
Childe, V.G. (1950) “The Urban Revolution”, The Town Planning Review, 21(1), 3-17.
Curtis, W. (1996) Modern Architecture since 1900, London: Phaido.
Ergand, C. (2014) Photography of the Ministry of Interior. Goethe Institut Ankara archive, Ankara.
Fuller, C., and Geddes, M. (2008) “Urban governance under neoliberalism: New Labour and the restructuring of state-space”, Antipode, 40(2), 252-282.
Gunay, B. (2006) “Ankara cekirdek alanının oluşumu ve 1990 nazım planı hakkında bir degerlendirme”. In T. Senyapılı (Ed.) Cumhuriyet’in Ankara’sı, Ankara: METU Press, pp. 61-118.
Jansen, H. (1932) “Ministry Quarter” [Plan]. METU Department of CRP, Maps and Plans Documentation Unit, Ankara.
Keskinok, H. C. (2010) “Urban planning experience of Turkey in the 1930s”, METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 27(2), 173-188.
Killian, T. (1998) “Public and private, power and space”, in A. Light & J. M. Smith (Ed.) Philosophy and Geography II: The Production of Public Space, pp. 115–134, Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.
Marcus, T.A. (2006) “Built space and power”, in S.R.Clegg and M.Kornberger (Ed.) Space, Organizations and Management Theory, pp.129-142, Frederiksberg: CBS Press.
Minkenberg M. (2014) Power and Architecture: The construction of capitals and the politics of space, New York: Berghahn books.
Moore, J. D. (1996) Architecture and power in the ancient Andes: The archaeology of public buildings, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Photography of Atatürk Boulevard (2012). Ankara digital city archive, last accessed 13.12.2012. Photography of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. (2017). Author’s personal archive, Ankara.
PPS- Project for Public Space (2018). Public buildings. PSS web page, last access 16.07.2018: http://www.pps.org
Tankut, G. (1993) Bir başkentin imarı, İstanbul: Anahtar Kitaplar. Turhanoglu, F. A. 2010. Spatial production of Ankara as Capital City of Republican Turkey, The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(5): 309–318.
Ulug, H. (2004) “Yeni Baskentler, Tasarım ve Siyasi Iktidar”, Planlama, 1, 39-57.
Vale, L. (2008) Architecture, power and national identity, New York: Routledge.
Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, New York: Free Press.